the origins of contemporary france-5-第86部分

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


yards　wide；　the　plowed　ground；　when　each　made　his　own　road　。　。　。　。　The

carters　sometimes　make　only　three　or　four　leagues　from　morning　to

night。〃　…　Hence；　a　dearth　of　provisions　at　Brest。　〃We　are　assured　that

the　people　have　long　been　on　half…rations；　or　even　quarter　rations。〃　…

And　yet；　〃　There　is　now　in　the　river；　at　Nantes；　from　four　to　five

hundred　boats　loaded　with　grain；　they　have　been　there　for　months；　and

their　number　increases　daily。　Their　cargoes　are　deteriorating　and

becoming　damaged。〃



＇5＇　Ibid。；　preface　and　summary；　p。41　（on　the　dikes　and　works　of

protection　against　inundations　at　Dol　in　Brittany；　at　Fréjus；　in

Camargue；　in　Lower　Rhine；　in　Nord；　in　Pas…de…Calais；　at　Ostende　and

Blankenberg；　at　Rochefort；　at　La　Rochelle；　etc。）。　At　Blankenberg；　a

gale　sufficed　to　carry　away　the　dike　and　let　in　the　sea。　〃The　dread　of

some　disaster　which　would　ruin　a　large　portion　of　the　departments　of

the　Lys　and　of　the　Escaut　kept　the　inhabitants　constantly　in　a　state

of　frightful　anxiety。〃



＇6＇　Hence　the　additional　centimes　to　the　tax　on　doors　and　windows；　the

number　of　which　indicates　approximately　the　value　of　the　rent。　Hence

also　the　additional　centimes　to　the　personal　tax；　which　is

proportionate　to　the　rent；　this　being　considered　as　the　most　exact

indication　of　domestic　expenditure。



＇7＇　Hence　the　communal　〃additional　centimes〃　to　the　tax　on　business

licenses。



＇8＇　Hence　the　〃　additional　centimes〃　to　the　land　tax。



＇9＇　Today；　in　1999；　we　may　in　Denmark　observe　how　the　contemporary

oligarchy　of　non…violent　Jacobins；　have　transformed　the　local

authorities　into　tools　of　the　central　government　which　through　an　all

permeating　administration；　has　replaced　the　authority　of　the　father

and　the　solidarity　of　the　family　with　a　communal　care　and

supervision。（SR。）。



＇10＇　Syndicates　of　this　kind　are　instituted　by　the　law　of　June　25；

1865；　〃between　proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　and　maintenance

of　public　works：　1st；　Protection　against　the　sea；　inundations；

torrents；　and　navigable　or　non…navigable　rivers；　2d；　Works　in

deepening；　repairing；　and　regulating　canals　and　non…navigable　water…

courses；　and　ditches　for　draining　and　irrigation；　3d；　Works　for　the

drainage　of　marshes；　4th；　Locks　and　other　provisions　necessary　in

working　salt　marshes；　5th；　Drainage　of　wet　and　unhealthy　ground。〃　…

〃Proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　of　the　above…mentioned　works

may　unite　in　an　authorized　syndical　company；　either　on　the　demand　of

one　or　of　several　among　them；　or　on　the　initiative　of　the　prefect。〃　…

（Instead　of　authorized；　we　must　read　forced；　and　we　then　find　that　the

association　may　be　imposed　on　all　interested　parties；　on　the　demand　of

one　alone；　or　even　without　any　one's　demand。）　…　Like　the　Annecy

building；　these　syndicates　enable　one　to　reach　the　fundamental　element

of　local　society。　Cf。　the　law　of　September　26；　1807　（on　the　drainage

of　marshes）；　and　the　law　of　April　21；　1810　（on　mines　and　the　two

owners　of　the　mine；　one　of　the　surface　and　the　other　of　the　subsoil；

both　likewise　partners；　and　no　less　forcibly　so　through　physical

solidarity。）



＇11＇　See　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　I。；　passim。　（Ed。　Laff。　I。　pp。　315…

445）。



＇12＇　Two　kinds　of　police　must　be　distinguished　one　from　the　other。　The

first　is　general　and　belongs　to　the　State：　its　business　is　to　repress

and　prevent；　outside　and　inside；　all　aggression　against　private　and

public　property。　The　second　is　municipal；　and　belongs　to　the　local

society：　its　business　is　to　see　to　the　proper　use　of　the　public　roads；

and　other　matters；　which；　like　water；　air；　and　light；　are　enjoyed　in

common；　it　undertakes；　also；　to　forestall　the　risks　and　dangers　of

imprudence；　negligence；　and　filth；　which　any　aggregation　of　men　never

fails　to　engender。　　The　provinces　of　these　two　police　forces　join　and

penetrate　each　other　at　many　points；　hence；　each　of　the　two　is　the

auxiliary；　and；　if　need　be；　the　substitute　of　the　other。



＇13＇　Rocquain；　〃l'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire；〃　passim。



＇14＇　Raynouard；　〃Histoire　du　droit　municipal；〃II。；　356；　and　Dareste；

〃Histoire　de　l'administration　en　France；〃　I。；　209；　222。　　（Creation　of

the　posts　of　municipal　mayor　and　assessors　by　the　king；　in　1692；　for　a

money　consideration。）　〃These　offices　were　obtained　by　individuals；

along　with　hereditary　title；　now　attached　to　communities；　that　is　to

say；　bought　in　by　these；〃　which　put　in　their　possession　the　right　of

election。　…　The　king　frequently　took　back　these　offices　which　he　had

sold；　and　sold　them　over　again。　　In　1771；　especially；　he　takes　them

back；　and；　it　seems；　to　keep　them　forever；　but　he　always　reserves　the

right　of　alienating　them　for　money。　　For　example　（Augustin　Thierry；

〃Documens　sur　l'histoire　du　tiers　état；〃　III。；　319）；　an　act　of　the

royal　council；　dated　October　1；　1772；　accepts　70；000　francs　from　the

town　of　Amiens　for　the　repurchase　of　the　installment　of　its

magistracies；　and　defining　these　magistracies；　as　well　as　the　mode　of

election　according　to　which　the　future　incumbents　shall　be　appointed。

Provence　frequently　bought　back　its　municipal　liberties　in　the　same

fashion；　and；　for　a　hundred　years；　expended　for　this　purpose

12；500；000　livres。　In　1772；　the　king　once　more　established　the

venality　of　the　municipal　offices：　but；　on　the　Parliament　of　Aix

remonstrating；　in　1774；　he　returned　their　old　rights　and　franchises　to

the　communities。　…　Cf。　Guyot；　〃Répertoire　de　jurisprudence〃　（1784）；

articles；　Echevins；　Capitouls；　Conseillers。



＇15＇　Thibaudeau；　p。72　（words　of　the　First　Consul　at　a　meeting　of　the

Council　of　State；　Pluvi？se　14；　year　X）。



＇16＇　Roederer；　III。；　439　（Note　of　Pluvi？se　28；　year　VIII）；　ib。；　443

〃The　pretended　organic　sénatus…consulte　of　Aug。　4；　1802；　put　an　end　to

notability　by　instituting　electoral　colleges。　。　。　The　First　Consul　was

really　recognized　as　the　grand…elector　of　the　notability；〃



＇17＇　Any　dictator　or　dictator's　draftsman　will；　upon　reading　this

understand　how　easy　it　is　to　make　a　sham　constitution　and　sham

electoral　systems　for　a　de　facto　dictatorship。（SR。）



＇18＇　Thibaudeau；　72；　289　（words　of　the　　First　Consul　at　a　meeting　of

the　Council　of　State；　Thermidor　16；　year　X）。



＇19＇　Ibid。；　　p。　293。　Sénatus…consulte　of　Thermidor　16；　year　X；　and　of

Fructidor　19；　year　X。



＇20＇　　Decree　of　January　17；　1806；　article　40。



＇21＇　Aucoc；　〃　Conférence　sur　l'administration　et　le　droit

administratif；〃　§§　101；　162；　165。　　In　our　legislative　system　the

council　of　the　arrondissement　has　not　become　a　civil　personality；　while

it　has　scarcely　any　other　object　than　to　apportion　direct　taxes　among

the　communes　of　the　arrondissement



＇22＇　　Sénatus…consulte　of　Thermidor　16；　year　X。



＇23＇　　Decree　of　May　13；　1806；　title　III。；　article　32。



＇24＇　Thibaudeau；　ibid。；　294　（Speech　of　the　First　Consul　to　the　Council

of　State；　Thermidor　16；　year　X）。　　〃What　has　become　of　the　men　of　the

Revolution？　Once　out　of　place；　they　have　been　entirely　neglected：　they

have　nothing　left；　they　have　no　support；　no　natural　refuge。　　Look　at

Barras；　Reubell；　etc。〃　　The　electoral　colleges　are　to　furnish　them

with　the　asylum　they　lack。　〃Now　is　the　time　to　elect　the　largest

number　of　men　of　the　Revolution；　the　longer　we　wait；　the　fewer　there

will　be。　。　。　。　With　the　exception　of　some　of　them；　who　have　appeared

on　a　grand　stage；　。　。　。　who　have　signed　some　treaty　of　peace　。　。　。　the

rest　are　all　isolated　and　in　obscurity。　That　is　an　important　gap　which

must　be　filled　up　。　。　。　。　It　is　for　this　reason　that　I　have　instituted

the　Legion　of　Honor。〃



＇25＇　Baron　de　Vitrolles；　〃Memoires；〃　preface；　XXI。　　Comte　de　Villèle；

〃Memoires　et　Correspondance；〃　I。；　189　（August；　1807）。



＇26＇　Faber；　〃Notice　sur　l'intérieur　de　la　France〃　（1807）；　p。25。



＇27＇　Supporters　of　the　Sovereign　king　or　of　the　legitimate　royal

dynasty。　（SR。）



＇28＇　The　following　document　shows　the　sense　and　aim　of　the　change；

which　goes　on　after　the　year　VIII；　also　the　contrast　between　both

administrative　staffs。　（Archives　Nationales；　F　7；　3219；　letter　of　M。

Alquier　to　the　First　Consul；　Pluviose　18；　year　VIII。）　M。　Alquier；　on

his　way　to　Madrid；　stops　at　Toulouse　and　sends　a　report　to　the

authorities　of　Haute…Garonne：　〃I　was　desirous　of　seeing　the　central

administration。　I　found　there　the　ideas　and　language　of　1793。　Two

personages；　Citizens　Barreau　and　Desbarreaux；　play　an　active　part

then。　Up　to　1792；　the　first　was　a　shoemaker；　and　owed　his　political

fortune　simply　to　his　audacity　and　revolutionary　frenzy。　The　second；

Desbarreaux；　was　a　comedian　of　Toulouse；　his　principal　role　being　that

of　valets。　In　the　month　of　Prairial；　year　III；　he　was　compelled　to　go

down　on　his　knees　on　the　stage　and　ask　pardon　for　having　made

incendiary　speeches　at　some　previous　period　in　the　decadal　temple。　The

public；　not　deeming　his　apology　sufficient；　drove　him　out　of　the

theater。　He　now　combines　with　his　function　of　departmental

administrator　the　post　of　cashier　for　the　actors；　which　thus　brings

him　in　1200　francs　。　。　。　The　municipal　councilors　are　not　charged　with

lack　of　probity：　but　they　are　derived　from　too　law　a　class　and　have

too　little　regard　for　themselves　to　obtain　consideration　from　the

public。　。　。　The　commune　of　Toulouse　is　very　impatient　at　being

governed　by　weak；　ignorant　men；　formerly　mixed　in　with　the　crowd；　and

whom；　probably；　it　is　urgent　to　send　back　to　it。　。　。　。　It　is

remarkable　that；　in　a　city　of　such　importance；　which　provides　so　large

a　number　of　worthy　citizens　of　our　sort　of　capacity　and　education；

only　men　are　selected　for　public　duties　who；　with　respect　to

instruction；　attainments；　and　breeding；　offer　no　guarantee　whatever　to

the　government　and　no　inducement　to　win　public　consideration。〃



＇29＇　　〃Correspondance　de　Napoléon；〃　No。4474；　note　dictated　to　Lucien；

minister　of　the　interior；　year　VIII。



＇30＇　Cf。　〃Procés…verbaux　des　conseil　généraux〃　of　the　year　VIII；　and

especially　of　the　ye