the origins of contemporary france-5-第87部分

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＇30＇　Cf。　〃Procés…verbaux　des　conseil　généraux〃　of　the　year　VIII；　and

especially　of　the　year　IX。　〃Many　of　the　cross　roads　have　entirely

disappeared　at　the　hands　of　the　neighboring　owners　of　the　land。　The

paved　roads　are　so　much　booty。〃　（for　example；　Vosges；　p。429；　year　IX。）

〃The　roads　of　the　department　are　in　such　a　bad　state　that　the

landowners　alongside　carry　off　the　stones　to　build　their　houses　and

wall　in　their　inheritance。　They　encroach　on　the　roads　daily；　the

ditches　are　cultivated　by　them　the　same　as　their　own　property。〃



＇31＇　　Laws　of　February　29…　March　9；　1804　And　February　28　…　March　10；

1805。



＇32＇　　Laws　of　July　23；　1802；　and　of　February　27；　1811。



＇33＇　〃Correspondance　de　Napoléon；〃　No。　4474　（note　dictated　to　Lucien）。



＇34＇　Decree　of　March　1；　1808：　〃Are　counts　by　right；　all　ministers；

senators；　councilors　of　state　for　life；　presidents　of　the　corps

Legislatif；　and　archbishops。　Are　barons　by　right；　all　bishops。　May

become　barons；　after　ten　years　of　service；　all　first　presidents　and

attorney　generals；　the　mayors　of　the　thirty…six　principal　towns。　　（In

1811；　instead　of　36；　there　are　52　principal　towns。）　May　also　become

barons；　the　presidents　and　members　of　the　department　electoral

colleges　who　have　attended　three　sessions　of　these　colleges。〃



＇35＇　Decree　of　Thermidor　4；　year　X。



＇36＇　Law　of　Pluvi？se　28；　year　VIII。



＇37＇　〃Procés…verbaux　des　conseils　généraux〃　of　the　years　VIII　and　X。

（The　second　series　drawn　up　after　those　propounded　by　the　minister

Chaptal；　is　much　more　complete　and　furnishes　an　historical　document　of

the　highest　importance。）



＇38＇　〃　Statistiques　des　préfets　（from　the　years　IX　to　XIII；　about　40

volumes）。



＇39＇　　Beugnot；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　363。



＇40＇　Faber；　ibid。；　127。　…　Cf。　Charlotte　de　Sohr；　〃Napoleon　en　1811〃

（details　and　anecdotes　on　Napoleon's　journey　through　Belgium　and

Holland）。



＇41＇　Beugnot；　I。；　380；　384。　〃He　struck　the　good　Germans　dumb　with

admiration；　unable　to　comprehend　how　it　was　that　their　interests　had

become　so　familiar　to　him　and　with　what　superiority　he　treated　them。〃



＇42＇　Beugnot；　ibid。；　I。；　395。　Everywhere；　on　the　Emperor's　passage

（1811）；　the　impression　experienced　was　　a　kind　of　shock　as　at　the

sight　of　a　wonderful　apparition。



＇43＇　Thiers；　〃　Histoire　du　Consulat　et　l'Empire；〃　XVI。；　　246　（January；

1813）。　　〃A　word　to　the　prefect；　who　transmitted　this　to　one　of　the

municipal　councilors　of　his　town；　was　enough　to　insure　an　offer　from

some　large　town　and　have　this　imitated　throughout　the　empire。　Napoleon

had　an　idea　that　he　could　get　towns　and　cantons　to　offer　him　troops　of

horse；　armed　and　equipped。〃　…　In　fact；　this　offer　was　voted　with

shouts　by　the　Paris　municipal　council　and；　through　contagion；　in　the

provinces。　As　to　voting　this　freely　it　suffices　to　remark　how　the

annexed　towns　voted；　which；　six　months　later；　are　to　rebel。　Their

offers　are　not　the　least。　For　instance；　Amsterdam　offers　100　horsemen；

Hamburg　100；　Rotterdam　50；　the　Hague　40；　Leyden　24；　Utrecht　20；

Dusseldorf　12。　…　The　horsemen　furnished　are　men　enlisted　for　money；

16；000　are　obtained；　and　the　sum　voted　suffices　to　purchase

additionally　22；000　horses　and　22；000　equipments。　…　To　obtain　this

money；　the　prefect　himself　apportions　the　requisite　sum　among　those　in

his　department　who　pay　the　most　taxes；　at　the　rate　of　from　6oo　to　1000

francs　per　head。　On　these　arbitrary　requisitions　and　a　great　many

others；　either　in　money　or　in　produce；　and　on　the　sentiments　of　the

farmers　and　landed　proprietors　in　the　South；　especially　after　1813；

cf。　the　〃　Mémoires　de　M。　Villèle；〃　vol。　I。；　passim。



＇44＇　Comte　Joseph　d'Estourmel；　〃Souvenirs　de　France　et　d'Italie；　　240。

The　general　council　of　Rouen　was　the　first　to　suggest　the　vote　for

guards　of　honor。　Assembled　spontaneously　（meetings　are　always

spontaneous）；　its　members　pass　an　enthusiastic　address。　〃The　example

was　found　to　be　excellent；　the　address　was　published　in　the　Moniteur；

and　sent　to　all　the　prefects　。　。　。　。　The　councils　were　obliged　to

meet；　which　generously　disposed　of　other　people's　children；　and　very

worthy　persons；　myself　first　of　all；　thought　that　they　might　join　in

this　shameful　purpose；　to　such　an　extent　had　imperial　fanaticism

fascinated　them　and　perverted　consciences！〃



＇45＇　Archives　nationales　（state　of　accounts　of　the　prefects　and

reports　of　the　general　police　commissioners；　F7；　5014　and　following

records。　…　Reports　of　senators　on　their　senatoreries；　AF；　IV。；　1051；

and　following　records）。　…　These　papers　disclose　at　different　dates　the

state　of　minds　and　of　things　in　the　provinces。　Of　all　these　reports；

that　of　Roederer　on　the　senatorerie　of　Caen　is　the　most　instructive；

and　gives　the　most　details　on　the　three　departments　composing　it。

（Printed　in　his　〃？uvres　complètes；〃　vol。　III。）



＇46＇　The　reader　will　find　in　the　Archives　nationales；　　the　fullest　and

most　precise　information　concerning　local　administration　and　the

sentiments　of　the　different　classes　of　society；　in　the　correspondence

of　the　prefects　of　the　first　Restoration；　of　the　hundred　days；　and　of

the　second　Restoration　from　1814　to　1823　（Cf。　especially　those　of

Haute…Garonne；　the　Rhine；　C？te　d'Or；　Ain；　Loiret；　Indre…et…Loire；

Indre；　Loire…Inférieure　and　Aisne。）　The　letters　of　several　prefects；

M。　de　Chabroe；　M。　de　Tocqueville；　M。　de　Remusat；　M。　de　Barante；　are

often　worth　publishing；　occasionally；　the　minister　of　the　interior　has

noted　with　a　pencil　in　the　margin；　〃　To　be　shown　to　the　King。〃



＇47＇　M。　de　Villèle；　ibid。；　I。；　248。



＇48＇　Rocquam；　〃l'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire；〃　reports　of　the

councilors　of　state　sent　on　missions；　p。40。



＇49＇　De　Feville；　〃La　France　economique；〃　248　and　249。



＇50＇　Pelet　de　la　Lozère；　〃Opinions　de　Napoléon　au　conseil　d'Etat；〃　P。

277　（Session　of　March　15；　1806）。　…　Decree　of　March　16；　1806；　and　of

September　15；　1807。



＇51＇　Ibid。；　276。　〃To　those　who　objected　that　a　tax　could　only　be　made

according　to　law；　Napoleon　replied　that　it　was　not　a　tax；　since　there

were　no　other　taxes　than　those　which　the　law　established；　and　that

this　one　（the　extra　assessment　of　a　quarter　of　the　produce　of　timber）

was　established　by　decree。　It　is　only　a　master；　and　an　absolute

master；　who　could　reason　in　this　way。〃



＇52＇　Law　of　March　20；　1813。　　（Woods；　meadows；　and　pasture…grounds　used

by　the　population　in　common　are　excepted；　also　buildings　devoted　to

public　use；　promenades；　and　public　gardens。）　…　The　law　takes　rural

possessions；　houses　and　factories；　rented　and　producing　an　income。

Thiers；　XVI。；　279。　The　five　percents　at　this　time　were　worth　75

francs；　and　138　millions　of　these　gave　a　revenue　of　9　millions；　about

the　annual　income　derived　by　the　communes　from　their　confiscated　real

estate。



＇53＇　Aucoc；　ibid。；　§§　55　and　135。









CHAPTER　II。　Local　society　since　1830。



I。　Introduction　of　Universal　suffrage。



Local　society　since　1830。　…　Introduction　of　a　new　internal　motor。　…

Subordinate　to　the　external　motor。　…　Advantageous　under　the　system　of

universal　suffrage。



Neither　lips　nor　heart　are　capable　of　pronouncing　the　above

invigorating　and　conclusive　phrase　after　a　silence　of　30　years。　That

local　society　ought　to　be　a　private　association；　does　not　interest

those　who　are　concerned；　while　the　legislator　does　not　permit　it。

Indeed；　after　the　year　VIII　（1799）；　the　State　（Napoleon）　introduces

into　the　machine　the　new　motivation　described　above。　After　the

revolution　of　1830；＇1＇　the　municipal　and　general　councilors　become

elective　and　are　appointed　by　a　limited　suffrage；　after　the　revolution

of　1848；　they　are　elected　by　universal　suffrage。＇2＇　After　the

revolution　of　1870；＇3＇　each　municipal　council　elects　its　own　mayor；

while　the　council…general；　whose　powers　are　enlarged；　leaves　in　its

place；　during　its　vacations；　a　standing　committee　who　arrange　with；

and　govern　along　with；　the　prefect。　Here；　in　local　society；　is　a

superadded　internal　motor；　working　from　below；　whilst　the　first　one　is

external　and　works　from　above；　from　now　on；　both　are　to　work　together

and　in　accord。　…　But；　in　reality；　the　second　（the　council…general）

remains　subordinate；　moreover；　it　does　not　suit　the　machine＇4＇　and　the

machine　does　not　suit　it；　it　is　only　a　superfluity；　an　inconvenient

and　cumbersome　intruder；　nearly　always　useless；　and　often　mischievous。

Its　influence　is　feeble　and　of　little　effect；　too　many　brakes　are

attached　to　it；　its　force　diminishes　through　the　complexity　of　its

numerous　wheels；　it　fails　in　giving　action；　it　cannot　but　little　more

than　impede　or　moderate　other　impulses；　those　of　the　external　motor；

sometimes　as　it　should；　and　sometimes　the　contrary。　Most　frequently；

even　nowadays　（1889）；　it　is　of　no　efficiency　whatever。　Three…quarters

of　the　municipal　councils；　for　three…fourths　of　their　business；　hold

sessions　only　to　give　signatures。　Their　pretended　deliberations　are

simply　a　parade　formality；　the　incentive　and　direction　continue　to

come　from　without；　and　from　above；　under　the　third　Republic；　as　under

the　Restoration　and　the　first　Empire；　it　is　always　the　central　State

which　governs　the　local　society；　amid　all　the　wrangling　and　disputes；

in　spite　of　passing　conflicts　it　is；　and　remains；　the　initiator；

mover；　leader；　controller；　accountant；　and　executor　of　every

undertaking；　the　preponderating　power　in　the　department　as　well　as　in

the　commune；　and　with　what　deplorable　results　we　all　know。　…　There　is

still　another　and　more　serious　result。　Nowadays；　its　interference　is

an　advantage；　for　should　it　renounce　its　preponderance　this　would　pass

over　to　the　other　power　which；　since　this　has　become　vested　in　a

numerical　majority；　is　mere　blind　and　brutal　force；　abandoned　to

itself　and　without　any　counter…weight；　its　ascendancy　would　be

disastrous；　we　would　see　reappearing　along　with　the　blunders　of　1789；

the　outrages；　usurpations；　and　distress　of　1790；　1791　and　1792。＇5＇　…

In　any