the origins of contemporary france-5-第95部分

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first　group　is　composed　of　167　electors：　the　second；　of　471；　the

third；　of　2607；　each　group　elects　8　municipal　councilors　out　of　24。



＇24＇　De　Foville；　〃La　France　économique；〃　p。　16　（census　of　1881）。　…

Number　of　communes；　36；097；　number　below　1000　inhabitants；　27；503；

number　below　500　inhabitants；　16；870。　…　What　is　stated　applies　partly

to　the　two　following　categories：　　1st；　communes　from　1000　to　1500

inhabitants；　2982；　2nd；　communes　from　1500　to　2000　inhabitants；　1917。

…　All　the　communes　below　2000　inhabitants　are　counted　as　rural　in　the

statistics　of　population；　and　they　number　33；402。



＇25＇　See　Paul　Leroy…Beaulieu；　〃L'état　moderne　et　ses　fonctions；〃　p。

169。　〃The　various　groups　of　inhabitants；　especially　in　the　country；　do

not　know　how　to　undertake　or　agree　upon　anything　of　themselves。　I　have

seen　villages　of　two　or　three　hundred　people　belonging　to　a　large

scattered　commune　wait　patiently　for　years　and　humbly　petition　for　aid

in　constructing　an　indispensable　fountain；　which　required　only　a

contribution　of　200　or　300　francs；　5　francs　per　head；　to　put　up。　I

have　seen　others　possessing　only　one　road　on　which　to　send　off　their

produce　and　unable　to　act　in　concert；　when；　with　an　outlay　of　2000

francs；　and　200　or　300　francs　a　year　to　keep　it　in　order；　it　would

easily　suffice　for　all　their　requirements。　I　speak　of　regions

relatively　rich；　much　better　off　than　the　majority　of　communes　in

France。〃



＇26＇　In　French　villages；　on　one　of　the　walls　of　a　public　building　on

the　square　are　notices　of　all　kinds；　of　interest　to　the　inhabitants；

and　among　these；　in　a　frame　behind　a　wire　netting；　the　latest　copy　of

the　government　official　newspaper；　giving　authentic　political　items；

those　which　it　thinks　best　for　the　people　to　read。　（Tr。）



＇27＇　On　the　communal　system　in　France；　and　on　the　reforms　which；

following　the　example　of　other　nations；　might　be　introduced　into　it；

cf。　Joseph　Ferrand　（formerly　a　prefect）；　〃Les　Institutions

administratives　en　France　et　à　l'étranger〃；　Rudolph　Gneist；　　〃Les

Réformes　administratives　en　Prusse　accomplies　par　la　legislation　de

1872；〃　（especially　the　institution　of　Amtsvorsteher；　for　the　union　of

communes　or　circumscriptions　of　about　1500　souls）；　the　Duc　de　Broglie；

〃Vues　sur　le　gouvernement　de　la　France〃　（especially　on　the　reforms

that　should　be　made　in　the　administration　of　the　commune　and　canton）；

p。　21。　…　〃Deprive　communal　magistrates　of　their　quality　as　government

agents；　separate　the　two　orders　of　functions；　have　the　public

functionary　whose　duty　it　is　to　see　that　the　laws　are　executed　in　the

communes；　the　execution　of　general　laws　and　the　decisions　of　the

superior　authority　carried　out；　placed　at　the　county　town。〃



＇28＇　De　Foville；　ibid。；　p。　16。　…　The　remarks　here　made　apply　to　towns

of　the　foregoing　category　（from　5000　to　10；000　souls）；　numbering　312。

A　last　category　comprises　towns　from　2000　to　5000　souls；　numbering

2160；　and　forming　the　last　class　of　urban　populations；　these；　through

their　mixed　character；　assimilate　to　the　1817　communes　containing　from

1500　to　2000　inhabitants；　forming　the　first　category　of　the　rural

populations。



＇29＇　Max　Leclerc；　〃La　Vie　municipale　en　Prusse；〃　p　17。　…　In　Prussia；

this　directing　mind　is　called　〃the　magistrate；〃　as　in　our　northern　and

northeastern　communes。　　In　eastern　Prussia；　the　〃magistrate〃　is　a

collective　body；　for　example；　at　Berlin；　it　comprises　34　persons；　of

which　17　are　specialists；　paid　and　engaged　for　twelve　years；　and　17

without　pay。　In　western　Prussia；　the　municipal　management　consists

generally　of　an　individual；　the　burgomaster；　salaried　and　engaged　for

twelve　years。



＇30＇　Max　Leclerc；　ibid。；　p。20。　…　〃The　present　burgomaster　in　Bonn　was

burgomaster　at　Münchens…Gladbach；　before　being　called　to　Bonn。　The

present　burgomaster　of　Crefeld　came　from　Silesia　。　。　。　。　　　A　lawyer；

well　known　for　his　works　on　public　law；　occupying　a　government

position　at　Magdeburg；〃　was　recently　called　〃to　the　lucrative　position

of　burgomaster　〃　in　the　town　of　Münster。　At　Bonn；　a　town　of　30；000

inhabitants；　〃everything　rests　on　his　shoulders　he　exercises　a　great

many　of　the　functions　which；　with　us；　belong　to　the　prefect。〃



＇31＇　Max　Leclerc；　ibid。；　p。　25。　…　Alongside　of　the　paid　town　officers

and　the　municipal　councilors；　there　are　special　committees　composed　of

benevolent　members　and　electors　〃either　to　administer　or　superintend

some　branch　of　communal　business；　or　to　study　some　particular

question。〃　〃These　committees；　subject；　moreover；　in　all　respects　to

the　burgomaster；　are　elected　by　the　municipal　council。〃　…　There　are

twelve　of　these　in　Bonn　and　over　a　hundred　in　Berlin。　This　institution

serves　admirably　for　rendering　those　who　are　well　disposed　useful；　as

well　as　for　the　development　of　local　patriotism；　a　practical　sense　and

public　spirit。



＇32＇　Aucoc；　p。　283。



＇33＇　Paul　Leroy…Beaulieu；　〃L'administrateur　locale　en　France　et　en

Angleterre；〃　pp。26；　28；　92。　（Decrees　of　March　25；　1852；　and　April　13；

1861。）



＇349　J。　Ferrand；　ibid。；　p。　169；　170　（Paris；　1879）：　〃In　many　cases；

general　tutelage　and　local　tutelage　are　paralyzed　。　。　。　。　Since　1870…

1876　the　mayors；　to　lessen　the　difficulties　of　their　task；　are

frequently　forced　to　abandon　any　rightful　authority；　the　prefects　are

induced　to　tolerate；　to　approve　of　these　infractions　of　the　law。　。　。　。

For　many　years　one　cannot　read　the　minutes　of　a　session　of　the　council

general　or　of　the　municipal　council　without　finding　numerous　examples

of　the　illegality　we　report　。　。　。　。　In　another　order　of　facts；　for

example　in　that　which　relates　to　the　official　staff；　do　we　not　see

every　day　agents　of　the　state；　even　conscientious；　yield　to　the　will

of　all…powerful　political　notabilities　and　entirely　abandon　the

interests　of　the　service？　〃　…　　These　abuses　have　largely　increased

within　the　past　ten　years。



＇35＇　　See　〃La　République　et　les　conservateurs；〃　in　the　Revue　des　Deux

Mondes　of　March　1；　189；　p。108。　…　〃I　speak　of　this　de　visu　＇from

experience；　（SR。）＇：　I　take　my　own　arrondissement。　　It　is　in　one　of　the

eastern　departments；　lately　represented　by　radicals。　This　time　it　was

carried　by　a　conservative。　An　attempt　was　first　made　to　annul　the

election；　which　had　to　be　given　up　as　the　votes　in　dispute　were　too

many。　Revenge　was　taken　on　the　electors。　Gendarmes；　in　the　communes；

investigated　the　conduct　of　the　curés；　forest…guard；　and　storekeeper。

The　hospital　doctor；　a　conservative；　was　replaced　by　an　opportunist。

The　tax…comptroller；　a　man　of　the　district；　and　of　suspicious　zeal；

was　sent　far　into　the　west。　Every　functionary　who；　on　the　even　of　the

election；　did　not　have　a　contrite　look；　was　threatened　with　dismissal。

A　road…surveyor　was　regarded　as　having　been　lukewarm；　and　accordingly

put　on　the　retired　list。　There　is　no　petty　vexation　that　was　not

resorted　to；　no　insignificant　person；　whom　they　disdained　to　strike。

Stone　breakers　were　denounced　for　saying　that　they　ought　not　to　have

their　wages　reduced。　Sisters　of　charity；　in　a　certain　commune；

dispensed　medicine　to　the　poor；　they　were　forbidden　to　do　this；　to

annoy　the　mayor　living　in　Paris。　The　custodians　of　mortgages　had　an

errand…boy　who　was　guilty　of　distributing；　not　voting…tickets；　but

family　notices　（of　a　marriage）　on　the　part　of　the　new　deputy；　a　few

days　after　this；　a　letter　from　the　prefecture　gave　the　custodian

notice　that　the　criminal　must　be　replaced　in　twenty…four　hours。　A

notary；　in　a　public　meeting；　dared　to　interrupt　the　radical　candidate；

he　was　prosecuted　in　the　court　for　a　violation　of　professional　duties；

and　the　judges　of　judiciary　reforms　condemned　him　to　three　months

'suspension。'　This　took　place；　〃not　in　Languedoc；　or　in　Provence；　in

the　south　among　excited　brains　where　everything　is　allowable；　but

under　the　dull　skies　of　Champagne。　And　when　I　interrogate　the

conservatives　of　the　West　and　the　Center；　they　reply：　〃We　have　seen

many　beside　these；　but　is　long　since　we　have　ceased　to　be　astonished！〃



＇36＇　Ibid。；　p。105　：　〃Each　cantonal　chief　town　has　its　office　of

informers。　The　Minister　of　Public　Worship　has　himself　told　that　on　the

first　of　January；　1890；　there　were　300　curés　deprived　of　their　salary；

about　three　or　four　times　as　many　as　on　the　first　of　January；　1889。〃



＇37＇　These　figures　are　taken　from　the　latest　statistical　reports。　Some

of　them　are　furnished　by　the　chief　or　directors　of　special　services。



＇38＇　　Taine　could　hardly　have　imagined　how　costly　the　modern　democracy

would；　100　years　later；　become。　How　could　he　have　imaged　that　the

〃Human　Rights〃　should　become　the　right　to　live　comfortably　and　well　at

the　expense　of　an　ever　more　productive　society。



＇39＇　DeFoville；　pp。412；　416；　425；　455；　Paul　Leroy…Beaulieu；　〃Traité　de

la　science　des　finances；〃　I。；　p。717。



＇40＇　〃Statistiques　financières　des　communes　en　1889〃：　…　3539　communes

pay　less　than　15　common　centimes；　2597　pay　from　0　fr。　15　to　0　fr。　30；

9652　pay　from　0　fr。　31　to　0　fr。　50；　11；095　from　0　fr。　51　to　1　franc；

and　4248　over　1　franc。　…　Here　this　relates　only　to　the　common

centimes；　to　have　the　sum　total　of　the　additiona1　local　centimes　of

each　commune　would　require　the　addition　of　the　department　centimes；

which　the　statistics　do　not　furnish。



＇41＇　Paul　Leroy…Beaulieu；　ibid。；　I。；　pp。690；　717。



＇42＇　Ibid。：　〃If　the　personal　tax　were　deducted　from　the　amount　of

personal　and　house　tax　combined　we　would　find　that　the　assessment　of

the　state　in　the　product　of　the　house　tax；　that　is　to　say　the　product

of　the　tax　on　rentals；　amounts　to　41　or　42　millions；　and　that　the

share　of　localities　in　the　product　of　this　tax　surpasses　that　of　the

state　by　8　or　9　millions　（Year　1877。）



＇43＇　　Between　1805　and　1900　the　French　franc　was　tied　to　the　gold

standard。　A　20　francs　coin　thus　weighed　7；21　grams。　Its　price　is　today

in　1998　1933。…　francs。　Taine's　figures　have　to　be　multiplied　by　app。

ten　in　order　to　compare　with　today's　prices。　No　re