anabasis-第14部分

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tarted　than；　for　some　reason　or　other；　the　ephors　changed　their　minds；　and　endeavoured　to　bring　him　back　again　from　the　isthmus。　Thereupon　he　refused　further　obedience；　and　went　off　with　sails　set　for　the　Hellespont。　In　consequence　he　was　condemned　to　death　by　the　Spartan　authorities　for　disobedience　to　orders；　and　now；　finding　himself　an　exile；　he　came　to　Cyrus。　Working　on　the　feelings　of　that　prince；　in　language　described　elsewhere；　he　received　from　his　entertainer　a　present　of　ten　thousand　darics。　Having　got　this　money；　he　did　not　sink　into　a　life　of　ease　and　indolence；　but　collected　an　army　with　it；　carried　on　war　against　the　Thracians；　and　　　　5　conquered　them　in　battle；　and　from　that　date　onwards　harried　and　plundered　them　with　war　incessantly；　until　Cyrus　wanted　his　army；　whereupon　he　at　once　went　off；　in　hopes　of　finding　another　sphere　of　warfare　in　his　company。

These；　I　take　it；　were　the　characteristic　acts　of　a　man　whose　affections　are　set　on　warfare。　When　it　is　open　to　him　to　enjoy　peace　with　honour；　no　shame；　no　injury　attached；　still　he　prefers　war；　when　he　may　live　at　home　at　ease；　he　insists　on　toil；　if　only　it　may　end　in　fighting；　when　it　is　given　to　him　to　keep　his　riches　without　risk；　he　would　rather　lessen　his　fortune　by　the　pastime　of　battle。　To　put　it　briefly；　war　was　his　mistress；　just　as　another　man　will　spend　his　fortune　on　a　favourite；　or　to　gratify　some　pleasure；　so　he　chose　to　squander　his　substance　on　soldiering。

But　if　the　life　of　a　soldier　was　a　passion　with　him；　he　was　none　the　less　a　soldier　born；　as　herein　appears；　danger　was　a　delight　to　him；　he　courted　it；　attacking　the　enemy　by　night　or　by　day；　and　in　difficulties　he　did　not　lose　his　head；　as　all　who　ever　served　in　a　campaign　with　him　would　with　one　consent　allow。　A　good　solder！　the　question　arises；　Was　he　equally　good　as　a　commander？　It　must　be　admitted　that；　as　far　as　was　compatible　with　his　quality　of　temper；　he　was；　none　more　so。　Capable　to　a　singular　degree　of　devising　how　his　army　was　to　get　supplies；　and　of　actually　getting　them；　he　was　also　capable　of　impressing　upon　those　about　him　that　Clearchus　must　be　obeyed；　and　that　he　brought　about　by　the　very　hardness　of　his　nature。　With　a　scowling　expression　and　a　harshly…grating　voice；　he　chastised　with　severity；　and　at　times　with　such　fury；　that　he　was　sorry　afterwards　himself　for　what　he　had　done。　Yet　it　was　not　without　purpose　that　he　applied　the　whip；　he　had　a　theory　that　there　was　no　good　to　be　got　out　of　an　unchastened　army。　A　saying　of　his　is　recorded　to　the　effect　that　the　soldier　who　is　to　mount　guard　and　keep　his　hands　off　his　friends；　and　be　ready　to　dash　without　a　moment's　hesitation　against　the　foemust　fear　his　commander　more　than　the　enemy。　Accordingly；　in　any　strait；　this　was　the　man　whom　the　soldiers　were　eager　to　obey；　and　they　would　have　no　other　in　his　place。　The　　　　　　11　cloud　which　lay　upon　his　brow；　at　those　times　lit　up　with　brightness；　his　face　became　radiant；　and　the　old　sternness　was　so　charged　with　vigour　and　knitted　strength　to　meet　the　foe；　that　it　savoured　of　salvation；　not　of　cruelty。　But　when　the　pinch　of　danger　was　past；　and　it　was　open　to　them　to　go　and　taste　subordination　under　some　other　officer；　many　forsook　him。　So　lacking　in　grace　of　manner　was　he；　but　was　ever　harsh　and　savage；　so　that　the　feeling　of　the　soldiers　towards　him　was　that　of　schoolboys　to　a　master。　In　other　words；　though　it　was　not　his　good　fortune　ever　to　have　followers　inspired　solely　by　friendship　or　goodwill；　yet　those　who　found　themselves　under　him；　either　by　State　appointment　or　through　want；　or　other　arch　necessity；　yielded　him　implicit　obedience。　From　the　moment　that　he　led　them　to　victory；　the　elements　which　went　to　make　his　soldiers　efficient　were　numerous　enough。　There　was　the　feeling　of　confidence　in　facing　the　foe；　which　never　left　them；　and　there　was　the　dread　of　punishment　at　his　hands　to　keep　them　orderly。　In　this　way　and　to　this　extent　he　knew　how　to　rule；　but　to　play　a　subordinate　part　himself　he　had　no　great　taste；　so；　at　any　rate；　it　was　said。　At　the　time　of　his　death　he　must　have　been　about　fifty　years　of　age。

Proxenus；　the　Boeotian；　was　of　a　different　temperament。　It　had　been　the　dream　of　his　boyhood　to　become　a　man　capable　of　great　achievements。　In　obedience　to　this　passionate　desire　it　was；　that　he　paid　his　fee　to　Gorgias　of　Leontini＇1＇。　After　enojoying　that　teacher's　society；　he　flattered　himself　that　he　must　be　at　once　qualified　to　rule；　and　while　he　was　on　friendly　terms　with　the　leaders　of　the　age；　he　was　not　to　be　outdone　in　reciprocity　of　service＇2＇。　In　this　mood　he　　17　threw　himself　into　the　projects　of　Cyrus；　and　in　return　expected　to　derive　from　this　essay　the　reward　of　a　great　name；　large　power；　and　wide　wealth。　But　for　all　that　he　pitched　his　hopes　so　high；　it　was　none　the　less　evident　that　he　would　refuse　to　gain　any　of　the　ends　he　set　before　him　wrongfully。　Righteously　and　honourably　he　would　obtain　them；　if　he　might；　or　else　forego　them。　As　a　commander　he　had　the　art　of　leading　gentlemen；　but　he　failed　to　inspire　adequately　either　respect　for　himself　or　fear　in　the　soldiers　under　him。　Indeed；　he　showed　a　more　delicate　regard　for　his　soldiers　than　his　subordinates　for　him；　and　he　was　indisputably　more　apprehensive　of　incurring　their　hatred　than　they　were　of　losing　their　fidelity。　The　one　thing　needful　to　real　and　recognised　generalship　was；　he　thought；　to　praise　the　virtuous　and　to　withhold　praise　from　the　evildoer。　It　can　be　easily　understood；　then；　that　of　those　who　were　brought　in　contact　with　him；　the　good　and　noble　indeed　were　his　well…wishers；　but　he　laid　himself　open　to　the　machinations　of　the　base；　who　looked　upon　him　as　a　person　to　be　dealt　with　as　they　liked。　At　the　time　of　his　death　he　was　only　thirty　years　of　age。

＇1＇　The　famous　rhetorician　of　Leontini；　485…380　B。C。　His　fee　was　100　　　　　minae。

＇2＇　Proxenus；　like　Cyrus；　is　to　some　extent　a　prototype　of　the　Cyrus　　　　　of　the　〃Cyropaedia。〃　In　other　words；　the　author；　in　delineating　　　　　the　portrait　of　his　ideal　prince；　drew　from　the　recollection　of　　　　　many　princely　qualities　observed　by　him　in　the　characters　of　many　　　　　friends。　Apart　from　the　intrinsic　charm　of　the　story；　the　　　　　〃Anabasis〃　is　interesting　as　containing　the　raw　material　of　　　　　experience　and　reflection　which　〃this　young　scholar　or　　　　　philosopher；〃　our　friend；　the　author；　will　one　day　turn　to　　　　　literary　account。

As　to　Menon　the　Thessalian＇3＇；　the　mainspring　of　his　action　was　obvious；　what　he　sought　after　insatiably　was　wealth。　Rule　he　sought　after　only　as　a　stepping…stone　to　larger　spoils。　Honours　and　high　estate　he　craved　for　simply　that　he　might　extend　the　area　of　his　gains；　and　if　he　studied　to　be　on　friendly　terms　with　the　powerful；　it　was　in　order　that　he　might　commit　wrong　with　impunity。　The　shortest　road　to　the　achievement　of　his　desires　lay；　he　thought；　through　false　swearing；　lying；　and　cheating；　for　in　his　vocabulary　simplicity　and　truth　were　synonyms　of　folly。　Natural　affection　he　clearly　entertained　for　nobody。　If　he　called　a　man　his　friend　it　might　be　looked　upon　as　　　　23　certain　that　he　was　bent　on　ensnaring　him。　Laughter　at　an　enemy　he　considered　out　of　place；　but　his　whole　conversation　turned　upon　the　ridicule　of　his　associates。　In　like　manner；　the　possessions　of　his　foes　were　secure　from　his　designs；　since　it　was　no　easy　task；　he　thought；　to　steal　from　people　on　their　guard；　but　it　was　his　particular　good　fortune　to　have　discovered　how　easy　it　is　to　rob　a　friend　in　the　midst　of　his　security。　If　it　were　a　perjured　person　or　a　wrongdoer；　he　dreaded　him　as　well　armed　and　intrenched；　but　the　honourable　and　the　truth…loving　he　tried　to　practise　on；　regarding　them　as　weaklings　devoid　of　manhood。　And　as　other　men　pride　themselves　on　piety　and　truth　and　righteousness；　so　Menon　prided　himself　on　a　capacity　for　fraud；　on　the　fabrication　of　lies；　on　the　mockery　and　scorn　of　friends。　The　man　who　was　not　a　rogue　he　ever　looked　upon　as　only　half　educated。　Did　he　aspire　to　the　first　place　in　another　man's　friendship；　he　set　about　his　object　by　slandering　those　who　stood　nearest　to　him　in　affection。　He　contrived　to　secure　the　obedience　of　his　solders　by　making　himself　an　accomplice　in　their　misdeeds；　and　the　fluency　with　which　he　vaunted　his　own　capacity　and　readiness　for　enormous　guilt　was　a　sufficient　title　to　be　honoured　and　courted　by　them。　Or　if　any　one　stood　aloof　from　him；　he　set　it　down　as　a　meritorious　act　of　kindness　on　his　part　that　during　their　intercourse　he　had　not　robbed　him　of　existence。

＇3＇　For　a　less　repulsive　conception　of　Menon's　character；　however　　　　　unhistorical；　see　Plato's　〃Meno；〃　and　Prof。　Jowlett's　　　　　Introduction；　〃Plato；〃　vol。　i。　p。　265：　〃He　is　a　Thessalian　　　　　Alcibiades；　rich　and　luxuriousa　spoilt　child　of　fortune。〃

As　to　certain　obscure　charges　brought　against　his　character；　these　may　certainly　be　fabrications。　I　confine　myself　to　the　following　facts；　which　are　known　to　all。　He　was　in　the　bloom　of　youth　when　he　procured　from　Aristippus　the　command　of　his　mercenaries；　he　had　not　yet　lost　that　bloom　when　he　became　exceedingly　intimate　with　Ariaeus；　a　barbarian；　whose　liking　for　fair　young　men　was　the　explanation；　and　before　he　had　grown　a　beard　himself；　he　had　contracted　a　similar　relationship　with　a　bearded　favourite　named　Tharypas。　When　his　fellow…generals　were　put　to　death　on　the　plea　that　they　had　marched　with　Cyrus　against　the　king；　he　alone；　although　he　had　shared　their　conduct；　was　exempted　from　their　fate。　But　after　their　deaths　the　vengeance　of　the　king　fell　upon　him；　and　he　was　put　to　death；　not　like　　29　Clearchus　and　the　others　by　what　would　appear　to　be　the　speediest　of　deathsdecapitationbut；　as　report　says；　he　lived　for　a　year　in　pain　and　disgrace　and　died　the　death　of　a　felon。

Agias　the　Arcadian　and　Socrates　the　Achaean　were　both　among　the　sufferers　who　were　put　to　death。　To　the　credit；　be　it　said；　of　both；　no　one　ever　derided　either　as　cowardly　in　war：　no　one　ever　had　a　fault　to　find　with　either　on　the　score　of　friendship。　They　were　both　about　thirty…five　years　of　age。



BOOK　III

＇In　the　preceding　pages　of　the　narrative　will　be　found　a　full　account；　not　only　of　the　doings　of　the　Hellenes　during　the　advance　of　Cyrus　till　the　date　of　the　battle；　but　of　the　inci…　den