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　　　　　　　13　contrary；　these　he　punished　most　unflinchingly。　It　was　no　rare　sight　to　see　on　the　well…trodden　highways；　men　who　had　forfeited　hand　or　foot　or　eye；　the　result　being　that　throughout　the　satrapy　of　Cyrus　any　one；　Hellene　or　barbarian；　provided　he　were　innocent；　might　fearlessly　travel　wherever　he　pleased；　and　take　with　him　whatever　he　felt　disposed。　However；　as　all　allowed；　it　was　for　the　brave　in　war　that　he　reserved　especial　honour。　To　take　the　first　instance　to　hand；　he　had　a　war　with　the　Pisidians　and　Mysians。　Being　himself　at　the　head　of　an　expedition　into　those　territories；　he　could　observe　those　who　voluntarily　encountered　risks；　these　he　made　rulers　of　the　territory　which　he　subjected；　and　afterwards　honoured　them　with　other　gifts。　So　that；　if　the　good　and　brave　were　set　on　a　pinnacle　of　fortune；　cowards　were　recognised　as　their　natural　slaves；　and　so　it　befell　that　Cyrus　never　had　lack　of　volunteers　in　any　service　of　danger；　whenever　it　was　expected　that　his　eye　would　be　upon　them。

So　again；　wherever　he　might　discover　any　one　ready　to　distinguish　himself　in　the　service　of　uprightness；　his　delight　was　to　make　this　man　richer　than　those　who　seek　for　gain　by　unfair　means。　On　the　same　principle；　his　own　administration　was　in　all　respects　uprightly　conducted；　and；　in　particular；　he　secured　the　services　of　an　army　worthy　of　the　name。　Generals；　and　sabulterns　alike；　came　to　him　from　across　the　seas；　not　merely　to　make　money；　but　because　they　saw　that　loyalty　to　Cyrus　was　a　more　profitable　investment　than　so　many　pounds　a　month。　Let　any　man　whatsoever　render　him　willing　service；　such　enthusiasm　was　sure　to　win　its　reward。　And　so　Cyrus　could　always　command　the　service　of　the　best　assistants；　it　was　said；　whatever　the　work　might　be。

Or　if　he　saw　any　skilful　and　just　steward　who　furnished　well　the　country　over　which　he　ruled；　and　created　revenues；　so　far　from　robbing　him　at　any　time；　to　him　who　had；　he　delighted　to　give　more。　So　that　toil　was　a　pleasure；　and　gains　were　amassed　with　confidence；　and　least　of　all　from　Cyrus　would　a　man　conceal　the　amount　of　his　possessions；　seeing　that　he　showed　no　jealousy　of　wealth　openly　avowed；　but　his　　　　　　19　endeavour　was　rather　to　turn　to　account　the　riches　of　those　who　kept　them　secret。　Towards　the　friends　he　had　made；　whose　kindliness　he　knew；　or　whose　fitness　as　fellow…workers　with　himself；　in　aught　which　he　might　wish　to　carry　out；　he　had　tested；　he　showed　himself　in　turn　an　adept　in　the　arts　of　courtesy。　Just　in　proportion　as　he　felt　the　need　of　this　friend　or　that　to　help　him；　so　he　tried　to　help　each　of　them　in　return　in　whatever　seemed　to　be　their　heart's　desire。

Many　were　the　gifts　bestowed　on　him；　for　many　and　diverse　reasons；　no　one　man；　perhaps；　ever　received　more；　no　one；　certainly；　was　ever　more　ready　to　bestow　them　upon　others；　with　an　eye　ever　to　the　taste　of　each；　so　as　to　gratify　what　he　saw　to　be　the　individual　requirement。　Many　of　these　presents　were　sent　to　him　to　serve　as　personal　adornments　of　the　body　or　for　battle；　and　as　touching　these　he　would　say；　〃How　am　I　to　deck　myself　out　in　all　these？　to　my　mind　a　man's　chief　ornament　is　the　adornment　of　nobly…adorned　friends。〃　Indeed；　that　he　should　triumph　over　his　friends　in　the　great　matters　of　welldoing　is　not　surprising；　seeing　that　he　was　much　more　powerful　than　they；　but　that　he　should　go　beyond　them　in　minute　attentions；　and　in　an　eager　desire　to　give　pleasure；　seems　to　me；　I　must　confess；　more　admirable。　Frequently　when　he　had　tasted　some　specially　excellent　wine；　he　would　send　the　half　remaining　flagon　to　some　friend　with　a　message　to　say：　〃Cyrus　says；　this　is　the　best　wine　he　has　tasted　for　a　long　time；　that　is　his　excuse　for　sending　it　to　you。　He　hopes　you　will　drink　it　up　to…day　with　a　choice　party　of　friends。〃　Or；　perhaps；　he　would　send　the　remainder　of　a　dish　of　geese；　half　loaves　of　bread；　and　so　forth；　the　bearer　being　instructed　to　say：　〃This　is　Cyrus's　favourite　dish；　he　hopes　you　will　taste　it　yourself。〃　Or；　perhaps；　there　was　a　great　dearth　of　provender；　when；　through　the　number　of　his　servants　and　his　own　careful　forethought；　he　was　enabled　to　get　supplies　for　himsefl；　at　such　times　he　would　send　to　his　friends　in　different　parts；　bidding　them　feed　their　horses　on　his　hay；　since　it　would　not　do　for　the　horses　that　carried　his　friends　to　go　starving。　Then；　on　any　long　march　or　expedition；　where　the　crowd　of　lookers…on　　　　28　would　be　large；　he　would　call　his　friends　to　him　and　entertain　them　with　serious　talk；　as　much　as　to　say；　〃These　I　delight　to　honour。〃

So　that；　for　myself；　and　from　all　that　I　can　hear；　I　should　be　disposed　to　say　that　no　one；　Greek　or　barbarian；　was　ever　so　beloved。　In　proof　of　this；　I　may　cite　the　fact　that；　though　Cyrus　was　the　king's　vassal　and　slave；　no　one　ever　forsook　him　to　join　his　master；　if　I　may　except　the　attempt　of　Orontas；　which　was　abortive。　That　man；　indeed；　had　to　learn　that　Cyrus　was　closer　to　the　heart　of　him　on　whose　fidelity　he　relied　than　he　himself　was。　On　the　other　hand；　many　a　man　revolted　from　the　king　to　Cyrus；　after　they　went　to　war　with　one　another；　nor　were　these　nobodies；　but　rather　persons　high　in　the　king's　affection；　yet　for　all　that；　they　believed　that　their　virtues　would　obtain　a　reward　more　adequate　from　Cyrus　than　from　the　king。　Another　great　proof　at　once　of　his　own　worth　and　of　his　capacity　rightly　to　discern　all　loyal；　loving　and　firm　friendship　is　afforded　by　an　incident　which　belongs　to　the　last　moment　of　his　life。　He　was　slain；　but　fighting　for　his　life　beside　him　fell　also　every　one　of　his　faithful　bodyguard　of　friends　and　table…companions；　with　the　sole　exception　of　Ariaeus；　who　was　in　command　of　the　cavalry　on　the　left；　and　he　no　sooner　perceived　the　fall　of　Cyrus　than　he　betook　himself　to　flight；　with　the　whole　body　of　troops　under　his　lead。



X

Then　the　head　of　Cyrus　and　his　right　hand　were　severed　from　the　body。　　　1　But　the　king　and　those　about　him　pursued　and　fell　upon　the　Cyreian　camp；　and　the　troops　of　Ariaeus　no　longer　stood　their　ground；　but　fled　through　their　own　camp　back　to　the　halting…place　of　the　night　beforea　distance　of　four　parasangs；　it　was　said。　So　the　king　and　those　with　him　fell　to　ravaging　right　and　left；　and　amongst　other　spoil　he　captured　the　Phocaean　woman；　who　was　a　concubine　of　Cyrus；　witty　and　beautiful；　if　fame　speaks　correctly。　The　Milesian；　who　was　the　younger；　was　also　seized　by　some　of　the　king's　men；　but；　letting　go　her　outer　garment；　she　made　good　her　escape　to　the　Hellenes；　who　had　been　left　among　the　camp　followers　on　guard。　These　fell　at　once　　　　　3　into　line　and　put　to　the　sword　many　of　the　pillagers；　though　they　lost　some　men　themselves；　they　stuck　to　the　place　and　succeeded　in　saving　not　only　that　lady；　but　all　else；　whether　chattels　or　human　beings；　wich　lay　within　their　reach。

At　this　point　the　king　and　the　Hellenes　were　something　like　three　miles　apart；　the　one　set　were　pursuing　their　opponents　just　as　if　their　conquest　had　been　general；　the　others　were　pillaging　as　merrily　as　if　their　victory　were　already　universal。　But　when　the　Hellenes　learnt　that　the　king　and　his　troops　were　in　the　baggage　camp；　and　the　king；　on　his　side；　was　informed　by　Tissaphernes　that　the　Hellenes　were　victorious　in　their　quarter　of　the　field；　and　had　gone　forward　in　pursuit；　the　effect　was　instantaneous。　The　king　massed　his　troops　and　formed　into　line。　Clearchus　summoned　Proxenus；　who　was　next　him；　and　debated　whether　to　send　a　detachment　or　to　go　in　a　body　to　the　camp　to　save　it。

Meanwhile　the　king　was　seen　again　advancing；　as　it　seemed；　from　the　rear；　and　the　Hellenes；　turning　right　about；　prepared　to　receive　his　attack　then　and　there。　But　instead　of　advancing　upon　them　at　that　point；　he　drew　off；　following　the　line　by　which　he　had　passed　earlier　in　the　day；　outside　the　left　wing　of　his　opponent；　and　so　picked　up　in　his　passage　those　who　had　deserted　to　the　Hellenes　during　the　battle；　as　also　Tissaphernes　and　his　division。　The　latter　had　not　fled　in　the　first　shock　of　the　encounter；　he　had　charged　parallel　to　the　line　of　the　Euphrates　into　the　Greek　peltasts；　and　through　them。　But　charge　as　he　might；　he　did　not　lay　low　a　single　man。　On　the　contrary；　the　Hellenes　made　a　gap　to　let　them　through；　hacking　them　with　their　swords　and　hurling　their　javelins　as　they　passed。　Episthenes　of　Amphipolis　was　in　command　of　the　peltasts；　and　he　showed　himself　a　sensible　man；　it　was　said。　Thus　it　was　that　Tissaphernes；　having　got　through　haphazard；　with　rather　the　worst　of　it；　failed　to　wheel　round　and　return　the　way　he　came；　but　reaching　the　camp　of　the　Hellenes；　　　　　　8　there　fell　in　with　the　king；　and　falling　into　order　again；　the　two　divisions　advanced　side　by　side。

When　they　were　parallel　with　the　（original）　left　wing　of　the　Hellenes；　fear　seized　the　latter　lest　they　might　take　them　in　flank　and　enfold　them　on　both　sides　and　cut　them　down。　In　this　apprehension　they　determined　to　extend　their　line　and　place　the　river　on　their　rear。　But　while　they　deliberated；　the　king　passed　by　and　ranged　his　troops　in　line　to　meet　them；　in　exactly　the　same　position　in　which　he　had　advanced　to　offer　battle　at　the　commencemet　of　the　engagement。　The　Hellenes；　now　seeing　them　in　close　proximity　and　in　battle　order；　once　again　raised　the　paean　and　began　the　attack　with　still　greater　enthusiasm　than　before：　and　once　again　the　barbarians　did　not　wait　to　receive　them；　but　took　to　flight；　even　at　a　greater　distance　than　before。　The　Hellenes　pressed　the　pursuit　until　they　reached　a　certain　village；　where　they　halted；　for　above　the　village　rose　a　mound；　on　which　the　king　and　his　party　rallied　and　reformed；　they　had　no　infantry　any　longer；　but　the　crest　was　crowded　with　cavalry；　so　that　it　was　impossible　to　discover　what　was　happening。　They　did　see；　they　said；　the　royal　standard；　a　kind　of　golden　eagle；　with　wings　extended；　perched　on　a　bar　of　wood　and　raised　upon　a　lance。

But　as　soon　as　the　Hellenes　again　moved　onwards；　the　hostile　cavalry　at　once　left　the　hillocknot　in　a　body　any　longer；　but　in　fragmentssome　streaming　from　one　side；　some　from　another；　and　the　crest　was　gradually　stripped　of　its　occupants；　till　at　last　the　company　was　gone。　Accordingly；　Clearchus　did　not　ascend　the　crest；　but　posting　his　army　at　its　base；　he　sent　Lyci