the meditations-第39部分
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XXXIV。 〃The poet〃 (34): Homer; Iliad; vi。 147。
XXXIV。 〃Wood〃: A translation of ulh; 〃matter。〃
XXXVIII。 〃Rhetoric〃 (38): Rather 〃the gift of speech〃; or perhaps the 〃decree〃 of the reasoning faculty。
BOOK XI V。 〃Cithaeron〃 (6) : Oedipus utters this cry after discovering that he has fulfilled his awful doom; he was exposed on Cithaeron as an infant to die; and the cry implies that he wishes he had died there。 Sophocles; Oedipus Tyrannus; 1391。
V。 〃New Comedy 。 。 。;〃 etc。 C。 has here strayed from the Greek rather widely。 Translate: 〃and understand to what end the New Comedy was adopted; which by small degrees degenerated into a mere show of skill in mimicry。〃 C。 writes Comedia Vetus; Media; Nova。 XII。 〃Phocion〃 (13): When about to be put to death he charged his son to bear no malice against the Athenians。
XXVIII。 〃 My heart;〃 etc。 (31): From Homer; Odyssey ix。 413。 〃They will〃 From Hesiod; Opera et Dies; 184。
〃Epictetus〃 Arr。 i。 II; 37。
XXX。 〃Cut down grapes〃 (35): Correct 〃ears of corn。〃 〃Epictetus〃(36): Arr。 3; 22; 105。
GLOSSARY
This Glossary includes all proper names (excepting a few which are insignificant or unknown) and all obsolete or obscure words。 ADRIANUS; or Hadrian (76…138 A。 D。); i4th Roman Emperor。
Agrippa; M。 Vipsanius (63…12 B。C。); a distinguished soldier under Augustus。
Alexander the Great; King of Macedonia; and Conqueror of the East; 356…323 B。C。
Antisthenes of Athens; founder of the sect of Cynic philosophers; and an opponent of Plato; 5th century B。C Antoninus Pius; 15th Roman Emperor; 138…161 AD。 one of the best princes that ever mounted a throne。
Apathia: the Stoic ideal was calmness in all circumstance an insensibility to pain; and absence of all exaltation at; pleasure or good fortune。
Apelles; a famous painter of antiquity。
Apollonius of Alexandria; called Dyscolus; or the 'ill…tempered;'
a great grammarian。
Aposteme; tumour; excrescence。
Archimedes of Syracuse 287…212 B。C。; the most famous mathematician of antiquity。
Athos; a mountain promontory at the N。 of the Aegean Sea。
Augustus; first Roman Emperor (ruled 31 B。C。…14 AD。)。
Avoid; void。
BACCHIUS: there Were several persons of this name; and the one meant is perhaps the musician。
Brutus (1) the liberator of the Roman people from their kings; and (2) the murderer of Caesar。
Both names were household words。
Caesar; Caius; Julius; the Dictator and Conqueror。
Caieta; a town in Latium。
Camillus; a famous dictator in the early days of the Roman Republic。
Carnuntum; a town on the Danube in Upper Pannonia。
Cato; called of Utica; a Stoic who died by his own hand after the battle of Thapsus; 46 B。C。 His name was proverbial for virtue and courage。
Cautelous; cautious。
Cecrops; first legendary King of Athens。
Charax; perhaps the priestly historian of that name; whose date is unknown; except that it must be later than Nero。
Chirurgeon; surgeon。
Chrysippus; 280…207 B。C。; a Stoic philosopher; and the founder of Stoicism as a systematic philosophy。
Circus; the Circus Maximus at Rome; where games were held。
There were four companies who contracted to provide horses; drivers; etc。 These were called Factiones; and each had its distinguishing colour: russata (red); albata (white); veneta (blue); prasina (green)。 There was high rivalry between them; and riots and bloodshed not infrequently。
Cithaeron; a mountain range N。
of Attica。
Comedy; ancient; a term applied to the Attic comedy of Aristophanes and his time; which criticised persons and politics; like a modern comic journal; such as Punck。 See New Comedy。
Compendious; short。
Conceit; opinion。
Contentation; contentment。
Crates; a Cynic philosopher of the 4th century B。C。
Croesus; King of Lydia; proverbial for wealth; he reigned 560…546 B。C。
Cynics; a school of philosophers; founded by Antisthenes。 Their texts were a kind of caricature of Socraticism。 Nothing was good but virtue; nothing bad but vice。 The Cynics repudiated all civil and social claims; and attempted to return to what they called a state of nature。 Many of them were very disgusting in their manners。
DEMETRIUS of Phalerum; an Athenian orator; statesman; philosopher; and poet。 Born 345 B。C。
Democritus of Abdera (460…361 B。C。); celebrated as the 'laughing philosopher;' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be。' He invented the Atomic Theory。
Dio of Syracuse; a disciple of Plato; and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse。 Murdered 353 B。C。
Diogenes; the Cynic; born about 412 B。C。; renowned for his rude…
ness and hardihood。
Diognetus; a painter。
Dispense with; put up with。
Dogmata; pithy sayings; or philosophical rules of life。
EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum; fl。
5th century B。C。; a philosopher; who first laid down that there were 〃four elements。〃 He believed in the transmigration of souls; and the indestructibility of matter。
Epictetus; a famous Stoic philosopher。 He was of Phrygia; at first a slave; then freedman; lame; poor; and contented。
The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his discourses。
Epicureans; a sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus; who 〃combined the physics of Democritus;〃 i。e。 the atomic theory; 〃with the ethics of Aristippus。〃
They proposed to live for happiness; but the word did not bear that coarse and vulgar sense originally which it soon took。
Epicurus of Samos; 342…270 B。C。
Lived at Athens in his 〃gardens;〃 an urbane and kindly; if somewhat useless; life。 His character was simple and temperate; and had none of the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of Epicurean。
Eudoxus of Cnidus; a famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century B。 C。
FATAL; fated。
Fortuit; chance (adj。)。
Fronto; M。 Cornelius; a rhetorician and pleader; made consul in 143 A。D。 A number of his letters to M; Aur。 and others are extant。
GRANUA; a tributary of the Danube。
HELICE; ancient capital city of Achaia; swallowed up by an earthquake; 373 B。C。
Helvidius Priscus; son…in…law of Thrasea Paetus; a noble man and a lover of liberty。 He was banished by Nero; and put to death by Vespasian。
Heraclitus of Ephesus; who lived in the 6th century B。C。 He wrote on philosophy and natural science。
Herculaneum; near Mount Vesuvius; buried by the eruption of 79 AD。
Hercules; p。 167; should be Apollo。 See Muses。
Hiatus; gap。
Hipparchus of Bithynia; an astronomer of the 2nd century B。C。; 〃The true father of astronomy。〃
Hippocrates of Cos; about 460…357 B。C。 One of the most famous physicians of antiquity。
IDIOT; means merely the non…proficient in anything; the 〃layman;〃 he who was not technically trained in any art; craft; or calling。
LEONNATUS; a distinguished general under Alexander the Great。
Lucilla; daughter of M。 Aurelius; and wife of Verus; whom she survived。
MAECENAS; a trusted adviser of Augustus; and a munificent patron of wits and literary men。
Maximus; Claudius; a Stoic philosopher。
Menippus; a Cynic philosopher。
Meteores; ta metewrologika; 〃high philosophy;〃 used specially of astronomy and natural philosophy; which were bound up with other speculations。
Middle Comedy; something midway between the Old and New Comedy。 See Comedy; Ancient; and New Comedy。
Middle things; Book 7; XXV。 The Stoics divided all things into virtue; vice; and indifferent things; but as 〃indifferent〃 they regarded most of those things which tbe world regards as good or bad; such as wealth or poverty。 Of these; some were 〃to be desired;〃 some 〃to be rejected。〃
Muses; the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy; music; etc。 Their leader was Apollo; one of whose titles is Musegetes; the Leader of the Muses。
NERVES; strings。
New Comedy; the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school; which criticised not persons but manners; like a modern comic opera。 See Comedy; Ancient。
PALESTRA; wrestling school。
Pancratiast; competitor in the pancratium; a combined contest which comprised boxing and wrestling。
Parmularii; gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma)。
Pheidias; the most famous sculptor of antiquity。
Philippus; founder of the Macedonian supremacy; and father of Alexander the Great。
Phocion; an Athenian general and statesman; a noble and high…minded man; 4th century B。C。
He was called by Demosthenes; 〃the pruner of my periods。〃
He was put to death by the State in 317; on a false suspicion; and left a message for his son 〃to bear no grudge against the Athenians。〃
Pine; torment。
Plato of Athens; 429…347 B。C。 He used the dialectic method invented by his master Socrates。
He was; perhaps; as much poet as philosopher。 He is generally identified with the Theory of Ideas; that things are what they are by participation with our eternal Idea。 His 〃Commonwealth〃 was a kind of Utopia。
Platonics; followers of Plato。
Pompeii; near Mount Vesuvius; buried in the eruption of 79 A。 D。
Pompeius; C。 Pompeius Magnus; a very successful general at the end of the Roman Republic (106…48 B。C。)。
Prestidigitator; juggler。
Pythagoras of Samos; a philosopher; scientist; and moralist of the 6th century B。C。
QUADI; a tribe of S。 Germany。
M。 Aurelius carried on war against them; and part of this book was written in the field。
RICTUS; gape; jaws。
Rusticus; Q。 Junius; or Stoic philosopher; twice made consul by M。 Aurelius。
SACRARY; shrine。
Salaminius; Book 7; XXXVII。 Leon of Sala…mis。 Socrates was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them; and Socrates; at his own peril; refused。
Sarmatae; a tribe dwelling in Poland。
Sceletum; skeleton。
Sceptics; a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B。C。)。 He advocated 〃suspension of judgment;〃 and taught the relativity of knowledge and impossibility of proof。 The school is not unlike the Agnostic school。
Scipio; the name of two great soldiers; P。 Corn。 Scipio Africanus; conqueror of Hannibal; and P。
Corn。 Sc。 Afr。 Minor; who came into the family by adoption; who destroyed Carthage。
Secutoriani (a word coined by C。); the Sececutores; light…armed gladiators; who were pitted against others with net and trident。
Sextus of Chaeronea; a Stoic philosoph