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mark twain, a biography, 1835-1866-µÚ1²¿·Ö

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I

ANCESTORS

On¡¡page¡¡492¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡Suetonius£»¡¡which¡¡Mark¡¡Twain¡¡read¡¡until
his¡¡very¡¡last¡¡day£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡one¡¡Flavius¡¡Clemens£»¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of
wide¡¡repute¡¡¡¨for¡¡his¡¡want¡¡of¡¡energy£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡marginal¡¡note¡¡he¡¡has
written£º

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It¡¡was¡¡like¡¡him¡¡to¡¡write¡¡that¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡spoke¡¡in¡¡his¡¡whimsical¡¡fashion¡¡the
attitude¡¡of¡¡humility£»¡¡the¡¡ready¡¡acknowledgment¡¡of¡¡shortcoming£»¡¡which¡¡was
his¡¡chief¡¡characteristic¡¡and¡¡made¡¡him¡¡lovablein¡¡his¡¡personality¡¡and¡¡in
his¡¡work¡£

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The¡¡name¡¡itself¡¡has¡¡a¡¡kindly¡¡meaning£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡not¡¡an¡¡uncommon¡¡one¡¡in
Rome¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡was¡¡an¡¡early¡¡pope¡¡by¡¡that¡¡name£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡now¡¡and¡¡again
in¡¡the¡¡annals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages¡£¡¡¡¡More¡¡lately¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Gregory
Clemens£»¡¡an¡¡English¡¡landowner¡¡who¡¡became¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡Parliament¡¡under
Cromwell¡¡and¡¡signed¡¡the¡¡death¡­warrant¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡Afterward¡¡he¡¡was
tried¡¡as¡¡a¡¡regicide£»¡¡his¡¡estates¡¡were¡¡confiscated£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡head¡¡was
exposed¡¡on¡¡a¡¡pole¡¡on¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡Westminster¡¡Hall¡£

Tradition¡¡says¡¡that¡¡the¡¡family¡¡of¡¡Gregory¡¡Clemens¡¡did¡¡not¡¡remain¡¡in
England£»¡¡but¡¡emigrated¡¡to¡¡Virginia¡¡£¨or¡¡New¡¡Jersey£©£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡them£»¡¡in
direct¡¡line£»¡¡descended¡¡the¡¡Virginia¡¡Clemenses£»¡¡including¡¡John¡¡Marshall
Clemens£»¡¡the¡¡father¡¡of¡¡Mark¡¡Twain¡£¡¡¡¡Perhaps¡¡the¡¡line¡¡could¡¡be¡¡traced£»¡¡and
its¡¡various¡¡steps¡¡identified£»¡¡but£»¡¡after¡¡all£»¡¡an¡¡ancestor¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less
need¡¡not¡¡matter¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡descendant¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be
written¡£

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said¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡paternal¡¡grandfather£»¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡also¡¡was¡¡Samuel£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of
culture¡¡and¡¡literary¡¡taste¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡1797¡¡he¡¡married¡¡a¡¡Virginia¡¡girl£»¡¡Pamela
Goggin£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡their¡¡five¡¡children¡¡John¡¡Marshall¡¡Clemens£»¡¡born¡¡August¡¡11£»
1798£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡eldestbecoming¡¡male¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡family¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of
seven£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡father¡¡was¡¡accidentally¡¡killed¡¡at¡¡a¡¡house¡­raising¡£¡¡¡¡The
family¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡poor¡¡one£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡boy¡¡grew¡¡up¡¡with¡¡a¡¡taste¡¡for¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡As
a¡¡youth¡¡he¡¡became¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡manufactory£»¡¡at¡¡Lynchburg£»¡¡and
doubtless¡¡studied¡¡at¡¡night¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡all¡¡events£»¡¡he¡¡acquired¡¡an¡¡education£»¡¡but
injured¡¡his¡¡health¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mean¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡somewhat¡¡later£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡mother
and¡¡the¡¡younger¡¡children£»¡¡removed¡¡to¡¡Adair¡¡County£»¡¡Kentucky£»¡¡where¡¡the
widow¡¡presently¡¡married¡¡a¡¡sweetheart¡¡of¡¡her¡¡girlhood£»¡¡one¡¡Simon¡¡Hancock£»
a¡¡good¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡due¡¡course£»¡¡John¡¡Clemens¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Columbia£»¡¡the
countyseat£»¡¡to¡¡study¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡living¡¡heirs¡¡became¡¡of¡¡age¡¡he
administered¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡estate£»¡¡receiving¡¡as¡¡his¡¡own¡¡share¡¡three¡¡negro
slaves£»¡¡also¡¡a¡¡mahogany¡¡sideboard£»¡¡which¡¡remains¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Clemens
effects¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day¡£

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never¡¡very¡¡robust£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡a¡¡good¡¡profession£»¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡resolution£»¡¡and
a¡¡heart¡¡full¡¡of¡¡hope¡¡and¡¡dreams¡£¡¡¡¡Sober£»¡¡industrious£»¡¡and¡¡unswervingly
upright£»¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡make¡¡his¡¡mark¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡he¡¡was
likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡somewhat¡¡too¡¡optimistic£»¡¡even¡¡visionary£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡then
regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡misfortune¡£

It¡¡was¡¡two¡¡years¡¡later¡¡that¡¡he¡¡met¡¡Jane¡¡Lampton£»¡¡whose¡¡mother¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Casey
a¡¡Montgomery¡­Casey¡¡whose¡¡father¡¡was¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lamptons¡¡£¨Lambtons£©¡¡of
Durham£»¡¡England£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡on¡¡her¡¡own¡¡account¡¡was¡¡reputed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the
handsomest¡¡girl¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wittiest£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡best¡¡dancer£»¡¡in¡¡all
Kentucky¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Montgomeries¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Caseys¡¡of¡¡Kentucky¡¡had¡¡been¡¡Indian
fighters¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Daniel¡¡Boone¡¡period£»¡¡and¡¡grandmother¡¡Casey£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been
Jane¡¡Montgomery£»¡¡had¡¡worn¡¡moccasins¡¡in¡¡her¡¡girlhood£»¡¡and¡¡once¡¡saved¡¡her
life¡¡by¡¡jumping¡¡a¡¡fence¡¡and¡¡out¡­running¡¡a¡¡redskin¡¡pursuer¡£¡¡¡¡The
Montgomery¡¡and¡¡Casey¡¡annals¡¡were¡¡full¡¡of¡¡blood¡­curdling¡¡adventures£»¡¡and
there¡¡is¡¡to¡­day¡¡a¡¡Casey¡¡County¡¡next¡¡to¡¡Adair£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡Montgomery¡¡County
somewhat¡¡farther¡¡east¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Lamptons£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡earldom¡¡in¡¡the
English¡¡family£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡were¡¡claimants¡¡even¡¡then¡¡in¡¡the¡¡American
branch¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡these¡¡things¡¡were¡¡worth¡¡while¡¡in¡¡Kentucky£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡rare
Jane¡¡Lampton¡¡herselfgay£»¡¡buoyant£»¡¡celebrated¡¡for¡¡her¡¡beauty¡¡and¡¡her
grace£»¡¡able¡¡to¡¡dance¡¡all¡¡night£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡day¡¡too£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡matterthat
won¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡John¡¡Marshall¡¡Clemens£»¡¡swept¡¡him¡¡off¡¡his¡¡feet¡¡almost¡¡at
the¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡their¡¡meeting¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡characteristics¡¡that¡¡made¡¡Mark
Twain¡¡famous¡¡were¡¡inherited¡¡from¡¡his¡¡mother¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡humor£»¡¡his
prompt£»¡¡quaintly¡¡spoken¡¡philosophy£»¡¡these¡¡were¡¡distinctly¡¡her
contribution¡¡to¡¡his¡¡fame¡£¡¡¡¡Speaking¡¡of¡¡her¡¡in¡¡a¡¡later¡¡day£»¡¡he¡¡once¡¡said£º

¡¨She¡¡had¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡ability¡¡which¡¡is¡¡rare¡¡in¡¡man¡¡and¡¡hardly¡¡existent¡¡in
womanthe¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡say¡¡a¡¡humorous¡¡thing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡perfect¡¡air¡¡of¡¡not
knowing¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡humorous¡£¡¨

She¡¡bequeathed¡¡him¡¡this£»¡¡without¡¡doubt£»¡¡also¡¡her¡¡delicate¡¡complexion£»¡¡her
wonderful¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡hair£»¡¡her¡¡small£»¡¡shapely¡¡hands¡¡and¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡the
pleasant¡¡drawling¡¡speech¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡her¡¡wit£»¡¡and¡¡his£»¡¡a¡¡serene¡¡and
perfect¡¡setting¡£

It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡one¡­sided¡¡love¡¡affair£»¡¡the¡¡brief¡¡courtship¡¡of¡¡Jane¡¡Lampton¡¡and
John¡¡Marshall¡¡Clemens¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡her¡¡life£»¡¡Jane¡¡Clemens¡¡honored¡¡her¡¡husband£»
and¡¡while¡¡he¡¡lived¡¡served¡¡him¡¡loyally£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡her¡¡heart¡¡had
been¡¡a¡¡young¡¡physician¡¡of¡¡Lexington¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡she¡¡had¡¡quarreled£»¡¡and¡¡her
prompt¡¡engagement¡¡with¡¡John¡¡Clemens¡¡was¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡temper¡¡rather¡¡than
tenderness¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡stipulated¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wedding¡¡take¡¡place¡¡at¡¡once£»¡¡and¡¡on
May¡¡6£»¡¡1823£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡married¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡was¡¡then¡¡twenty£»¡¡her¡¡husband¡¡twenty¡­
five¡£¡¡¡¡More¡¡than¡¡sixty¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡when¡¡John¡¡Clemens¡¡had¡¡long¡¡been¡¡dead£»
she¡¡took¡¡a¡¡railway¡¡journey¡¡to¡¡a¡¡city¡¡where¡¡there¡¡was¡¡an¡¡Old¡¡Settlers'
Convention£»¡¡because¡¡among¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡those¡¡attending¡¡she¡¡had¡¡noticed
the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lover¡¡of¡¡her¡¡youth¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡meant¡¡to¡¡humble¡¡herself¡¡to¡¡him
and¡¡ask¡¡forgiveness¡¡after¡¡all¡¡the¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡arrived¡¡too¡¡late£»¡¡the
convention¡¡was¡¡over£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡gone¡£¡¡¡¡Mark¡¡Twain¡¡once¡¡spoke¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡and
added£º

¡¨It¡¡is¡¡as¡¡pathetic¡¡a¡¡romance¡¡as¡¡any¡¡that¡¡has¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡field¡¡of¡¡my
personal¡¡experience¡¡in¡¡a¡¡long¡¡lifetime¡£¡¨




II

THE¡¡FORTUNES¡¡OF¡¡JOHN¡¡AND¡¡JANE¡¡CLEMENS

With¡¡all¡¡his¡¡ability¡¡and¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡­best¡¡of¡¡intentions£»¡¡John
Clemens¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡an¡¡unerring¡¡faculty¡¡for¡¡making¡¡business
mistakes¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡his¡¡optimistic¡¡outlook£»¡¡no¡¡doubthis¡¡absolute
confidence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡prosperity¡¡that¡¡lay¡¡just¡¡aheadwhich¡¡led¡¡him¡¡from¡¡one
unfortunate¡¡locality¡¡or¡¡enterprise¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he¡¡lived¡£
About¡¡a¡¡year¡¡after¡¡his¡¡marriage¡¡he¡¡settled¡¡with¡¡his¡¡young¡¡wife¡¡in
Gainsborough£»¡¡Tennessee£»¡¡a¡¡mountain¡¡town¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Cumberland¡¡River£»¡¡and
here£»¡¡in¡¡1825£»¡¡their¡¡first¡¡child£»¡¡a¡¡boy£»¡¡was¡¡born¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡named¡¡him
Orionafter¡¡the¡¡constellation£»¡¡perhapsthough¡¡they¡¡changed¡¡the¡¡accent
to¡¡the¡¡first¡¡syllable£»¡¡calling¡¡it¡¡Orion¡£¡¡¡¡Gainsborough¡¡was¡¡a¡¡small¡¡place
with¡¡few¡¡enough¡¡law¡¡cases£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡been¡¡as¡¡small£»¡¡or
furnished¡¡as¡¡few¡¡cases£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡next¡¡one¡¡selected£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡Jamestown£»
Fentr

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