autobiography and selected essays-第30部分

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as　follows：　〃A　man　who　is　bringing　out　a　series　of　portraits　of

celebrities；　with　a　sketch　of　their　career　attached；　has　bothered

me　out　of　my　life　for　something　to　go　with　my　portrait；　and　to

escape　the　abominable　bad　taste　of　some　of　the　notices；　I　have　done

that。〃



＇2＇

pre…Boswellian　epoch：　the　time　before　Boswell。　　James　Boswell

（1740…1795）　wrote　the　famous　Life　of　Samuel　Johnson。　　Mr。　Leslie

Stephen　declares　that　this　book　〃became　the　first　specimen　of　a　new

literary　type。〃　　〃It　is　a　full…length　portrait　of　a　man's　domestic

life　with　enough　picturesque　detail　to　enable　us　to　see　him　through

the　eyes　of　private　friendship。　。　。　。〃　　A　number　of　biographers

since　Boswell　have　imitated　his　method；　and　Leslie　Stephen　believes

that　〃we　owe　it　in　some　degree　to　his　example　that　we　have　such

delightful　books　as　Lockhart's　Life　of　Scott　or　Mr。　Trevelyan's

Life　of　Macaulay。〃



＇3＇

〃Bene　qui　latuit；　bene　vixit〃：　from　Ovid。　　He　who　has　kept　himself

well　hidden；　has　lived　well。



＇4＇

Prince　George　of　Cambridge：　the　grandson　of　King　George　III；　second

Duke　of　Cambridge；　and　Commander…in…chief　of　the　British　Army。



＇5＇

Mr。　Herbert　Spencer　（18201903）：　a　celebrated　English　philosopher

and　powerful　advocate　of　the　doctrine　of　evolution。　　Spencer　is

regarded　as　one　of　the　most　profound　thinkers　of　modern　times。　　He

was　one　of　Huxley's　closest　friends。



＇6＇

in　partibus　infidelium：　in　the　domain　of　the　unbelievers。



＇7＇

〃sweet　south　upon　a　bed　of　violets。〃　　Cf。　Twelfth　Night；　Act　I；　sc。

I；　l。　5。



O；　it　came　o'er　my　ear　like　the　sweet　sound

That　breathes　upon　a　bank　of　violets；

Stealing　and　giving　odour。



For　the　reading　〃sweet　south〃　instead　of　〃sweet　sound；〃　see　Rolfe's

edition　of　Twelfth　Night。



＇8＇

〃Lehrjahre〃：　apprenticeship。



Charing　Cross　School　of　Medicine：　a　school　connected　with　the

Charing　Cross　Hospital　in　the　Strand；　London。



＇9＇

Nelson：　Horatio　Nelson；　a　celebrated　English　Admiral　born　in

Norfolk；　England；　1758；　and　died　on　board　the　Victory　at　Trafalgar；

1805。　　It　was　before　the　battle　off　Cape　Trafalgar　that　Nelson

hoisted　his　famous　signal；　〃England　expects　every　man　will　do　his

duty。〃　　Cf。　Tennyson's　Ode　to　the　Duke　of　Wellington；　stanza　VI；

for　a　famous　tribute　to　Nelson。



＇10＇

middies：　abbreviated　form　for　midshipmen。



＇11＇

Suites　a　Buffon：　sequels　to　Buffon。　　Buffon　（1707…1781）　was　a

French　naturalist　who　wrote　many　volumes　on　science。



＇12＇

Linnean　Society：　a　scientific　society　formed　in　1788　under　the

auspices　of　several　fellows　of　the　Royal　Society。



＇13＇

Royal　Society：　The　Royal　Society　for　Improving　Natural　Knowledge；

the　oldest　scientific　society　in　Great　Britain；　and　one　of　the

oldest　in　Europe。　　It　was　founded　by　Charles　II；　in　1660；　its

nucleus　being　an　association　of　learned　men　already　in　existence。

It　is　supposed　to　be　identical　with　the　Invisible　College　which

Boyle　mentions　in　1646。　　It　was　incorporated　under　the　name　of　The

Royal　Society　in　1661。　　The　publications　of　the　Royal　Society　are

called　Philosophical　Transactions。　　The　society　has　close

connection　with　the　government；　and　has　assisted　the　government　in

various　important　scientific　undertakings　among　which　may　be

mentioned　Parry's　North　Pole　expedition。　　The　society　also

distributes　20；000　yearly　for　the　promotion　of　scientific

research。



＇14＇


Rastignac：　a　character　in　Le　Pere　Goriot。　　At　the　close　of　the

story　Rastignac　says；　〃A　nous　deux；　maintenant〃：Henceforth　there

is　war　between　us。



＇15＇

Pere　Goriot：　a　novel　of　Balzac's　with　a　plot　similar　to　King　Lear。



＇16＇

Professor　Tyndall　（1820…1893）：　a　distinguished　British　physicist

and　member　of　the　Royal　Society。　　He　explored　with　Huxley　the

glaciers　of　Switzerland。　　His　work　in　electricity；　radiant　heat；

light　and　acoustics　gave　him　a　foremost　place　in　science。



＇17＇

Ecclesiastical　spirit：　the　spirit　manifested　by　the　clergy　of

England　in　Huxley's　time　against　the　truths　of　science。　　The　clergy

considered　scientific　truth　to　be　disastrous　to　religious　truth。

Huxley's　attitude　toward　the　teaching　of　religious　truth　is

illuminated　by　this　quotation；　which　he　uses　to　explain　his　own

position：　〃I　have　the　fullest　confidence　that　in　the　reading　and

explaining　of　the　Bible；　what　the　children　will　be　taught　will　be

the　great　truths　of　Christian　Life　and　conduct；　which　all　of　us

desire　they　should　know；　and　that　no　effort　will　be　made　to　cram

into　their　poor　little　minds；　theological　dogmas　which　their　tender

age　prevents　them　from　understanding。〃　　Huxley　defines　his　idea　of

a　church　as　a　place　in　which；　〃week　by　week；　services　should　be

devoted；　not　to　the　iteration　of　abstract　propositions　in　theology；

but　to　the　setting　before　men's　minds　of　an　ideal　of　true；　just　and

pure　living；　a　place　in　which　those　who　are　weary　of　the　burden　of

daily　cares　should　find　a　moment's　rest　in　the　contemplation　of　the

higher　life　which　is　possible　for　all；　though　attained　by　so　few；　a

place　in　which　the　man　of　strife　and　of　business　should　have　time

to　think　how　small；　after　all；　are　the　rewards　he　covets　compared

with　peace　and　charity。〃



＇18＇

New　Reformation：　Huxley　writes：　〃We　are　in　the　midst　of　a　gigantic

movement　greater　than　that　which　preceded　and　produced　the

Reformation；　and　really　only　the　continuation　of　that　movement。　。　。　。

But　this　organization　will　be　the　work　of　generations　of　men；

and　those　who　further　it　most　will　be　those　who　teach　men　to　rest

in　no　lie；　and　to　rest　in　no　verbal　delusion。〃







ON　THE　ADVISABLENESS　OF　IMPROVING　NATURAL　KNOWLEDGE　（1866）





＇19＇

On　the　Advisableness　of　Improving　Natural　Knowledge：　from　Method

and　Results：　also　published　in　Lay　Sermons；　Addresses　and　Reviews。



For　the　history　of　the　times　mentioned　in　this　essay；　see　Green's

Short　History　of　the　English　People。



＇20＇

The　very　spot：　St。　Martin's　Borough　Hall　and　Public　Library；　on

Charing　Cross　Road；　near　Trafalgar　Square。



＇21＇

Defoe　（1661…1731）：　an　English　novelist　and　political　writer。　　On

account　of　his　political　writings　Defoe　was　sentenced　to　stand　in

the　pillory；　and　to　be　〃imprisoned　during　the　Queen's　pleasure。〃

During　this　imprisonment　he　wrote　many　articles。　　Later　in　life　he

wrote　Robinson　Crusoe；　The　Fortunes　and　Misfortunes　of　Moll

Flanders；　Journal　of　the　Plague　Year；　and　other　books　less　well

known。



＇22＇

unholy　cursing　and　crackling　wit　of　the　Rochesters　and　Sedleys：

John　Wilmot；　the　second　Earl　of　Rochester；　and　Sir　Charles　Sedley；

were　both　friends　of　Charles　II；　and　were　noted　for　biting　wit　and

profligacy。　　Green；　in　his　Short　History　of　the　English　People；

thus　describes　them：　〃Lord　Rochester　was　a　fashionable　poet；　and

the　titles　of　some　of　his　poems　are　such　as　no　pen　of　our　day　could

copy。　　Sir　Charles　Sedley　was　a　fashionable　wit；　and　the　foulness

of　his　words　made　even　the　porters　in　the　Covent　Garden　belt　him

from　the　balcony　when　he　ventured　to　address　them。〃



＇23＇

Laud：　Archbishop　of　Canterbury。　　Laud　was　born　in　1573；　and

beheaded　at　London　in　1645。　　He　was　throughout　the　reign　of　Charles

I　a　staunch　supporter　of　the　King。　　He　was　impeached　by　the　Long

Parliament　in　1640　and　executed　on　Tower　Hill；　in　1645。



＇24＇

selenography：　the　scientific　study　of　the　moon　with　special

reference　to　its　physical　condition。



＇25＇

Torricellian　experiment：　a　reference　to　the　discovery　of　the

principle　of　the　barometer　by　the　Italian；　Torricelli；　in　1643。



＇26＇

Sir　Francis　Bacon　（1561…1626）：　Bacon　endeavored　to　teach　that

civilization　cannot　be　brought　to　a　high　point　except　as　man

applies　himself　to　the　study　of　the　secrets　of　nature；　and　uses

these　discoveries　for　inventions　which　will　give　him　power　over　his

environment。　　The　chief　value　of　the　work　was　that　it　called

attention　to　the　uses　of　induction　and　to　the　experimental　study　of

facts。　　See　Roger's　A　Student's　History　of　Philosophy；　page　243。



＇27＇

The　learned　Dr。　Wallis　（1616…1703）：　Dr。　Wallis　is　regarded　as　the

greatest　of　Newton's　predecessors　in　mathematical　history。　　His

works　are　numerous　and　are　on　a　great　variety　of　subjects。　　He　was

one　of　the　first　members　of　the　Royal　Society。



＇28＇

〃New　Philosophy〃：　Bacon's　ideas　on　science　and　philosophy　as　set

forth　in　his　works。



＇29＇

Royal　Society：　see　note；　page　11。



＇30＇

Newton；　Sir　Isaac　（1642…1721）：　a　distinguished　natural　philosopher

of　England。　　Newton　was　elected　a　member　of　the　Royal　Society　in

1672。　　His　most　important　scientific　accomplishment　was　the

establishing　of　the　law　of　universal　gravitation。　　The　story　of　the

fall　of　the　apple　was　first　related　by　Voltaire　to　whom　it　was

given　by　Newton's　niece。



＇31＇

〃Philosophical　Transactions〃：　the　publications　of　the　Royal

Society。



＇32＇

Galileo　（1564…1642）：　a　famous　Italian　astronomer。　　His　most　noted

work　was　the　construction　of　the　thermometer　and　a　telescope。　　He

discovered　the　satellites　of　Jupiter　in　1610。　　In　1610；　also；　he

observed　the　sun's　spots。　　His　views　were　condemned　by　the　Pope　in

1616　and　in　1633　he　was　forced　by　the　Inquisition　to　abjure　the

Copernican　theory。



＇33＇

Vesalius　（1514…1564）：　a　noted　Belgian　anatomist。



＇34＇

Harvey　（1578…1657）：　an　English　physiologist　and　anatomist。　　He　is

noted　especially　for　his　discovery　of　the　circulation　of　the　blood。



＇35＇

Subtle　speculations：　Selby　gives　examples　from　questions　discussed

by　Thomas　Aquinas。　　Whether　all　angels　belong　to　the　same　genus；

whether　demons　are　evil　by　nature；　or　by　will；　whether　they　can

change　one　substance　into　another；　。　。　。　whether　an　angel　can　move

from　one　point　to　another　without　passing　through　intermediate

space。



＇36＇

Schoolmen：　a　term　used　to　designate　the　followers　of　scholasticism；

a　philosophy　of　dogmatic　religion　which　assumed　a　certain　subject…

matter　as　absolute　an