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a philosophy of dogmatic religion which assumed a certain subject…

matter as absolute and unquestionable。  The duty of the Schoolman

was to explain church doctrine; these explanations were

characterized by fine distinctions and by an absence of real

content。  See Roger's A Student's History of Philosophy; also

Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology。



'37'

〃writ in water〃: an allusion to Keats' request that the words 〃Here

lies one whose name was writ in water〃 be his epitaph。  The words

are inscribed on his tomb in the Protestant Cemetery at Rome。



'38'

Lord Brouncker: The first president of the Royal Society after its

incorporation in 1662 was Lord Brouneker。



'39'

revenant: ghost。



'40'

Boyle: Robert Boyle (1627…1691): a British chemist and natural

philosopher who was noted especially for his discovery of Boyle's

law of the elasticity of air。



'41'

Evelyn (1620…1706): an English author and member of the Royal

Society。  His most important work is the Diary; valuable for the

full account which it gives of the manners and customs of the time。



'42'

The Restoration: In English history the re…establishing of the

English monarchy with the return of King Charles II in 1660; by

extension the whole reign of Charles II: as; the dramatists of the

Restoration。  Century Dictionary。



'43'

Aladdin's lamps: a reference to the story of the Wonderful Lamp in

the Arabian Nights。  The magic lamp brought marvelous good fortune

to the poor widow's son who possessed it。  Cf。 also Lowell's

Aladdin:



When I was a beggarly boy;

  And lived in a cellar damp;

I had not a friend or a toy;

  But I had Aladdin's lamp;

When I could not sleep for the cold;

  I had fire enough in my brain;

And builded; with roofs of gold;

  My beautiful castles in Spain!



'44'

〃When in heaven the stars〃: from Tennyson's Specimens of a

Translation of the Iliad in Blank Verse。



'45'

〃increasing God's honour and bettering man's estate〃: Bacon's

statement of his purpose in writing the Advancement of Learning。



'46'

For example; etc。: could the sentence beginning thus be written in

better form?



'47'

Rumford (1738…1814): Benjamin Thompson; Count Rumford; an eminent

scientist。  Rumford was born in America and educated at Harvard。

Suspected of loyalty to the King at the time of the revolution; he

was imprisoned。  Acquitted; he went to England where he became

prominent in politics and science。  Invested with the title of

Count by the Holy Roman Empire; he chose Rumford for his title

after the name of the little New Hampshire town where he had

taught。  He gave a large sum of money to Harvard College to found

the Rumford professorship of science。



'48'

eccentric: out of the centre。







A LIBERAL EDUCATION (1868)





'49'

A Liberal Education: from Science and Education; also published in

Lay Sermons; Addresses and Reviews。



'50'

Ichabod: cf。 1 Sam。 iv; 21。



'51'

senior wranglership: in Cambridge University; England; one who has

attained the first class in the elementary division of the public

examination for honors in pure and mixed mathematics; commonly

called the mathematical tripos; those who compose the second rank

of honors being designated senior optimes; and those of the third

order junior optimes。  The student taking absolutely the first

place in the mathematical tripos used to be called senior wrangler;

those following next in the same division being respectively termed

second; third; fourth; etc。; wranglers。  Century Dictionary。



'52'

double…first: any candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in

Oxford University who takes first…class honors in both classics and

mathematics is said to have won a double…first。



'53'

Retzsch (1779…1857): a well…known German painter and engraver。



'54'

Test…Act: an English statute of 1673。  It compelled all persons

holding office under the crown to take the oaths of supremacy and

of allegiance; to receive the sacrament according to the usage of

the Church of England; and to subscribe to the Declaration against

Transubstantiation。



'55'

Poll: an abbreviation and transliteration of 'Greek words'; 〃the

mob〃; university slang for the whole body of students taking merely

the degree of Bachelor of Arts; at Cambridge。



'56'

pluck: the rejection of a student; after examinations; who does not

come up to the standard。







ON A PIECE OF CHALK





'57'

On a Piece of Chalk: a lecture to working…men from Lay Sermons;

Addresses and Reviews。



'58'

Needles of the Isle of Wight: the needles are three white; pointed

rocks of chalk; resting on dark…colored bases; and rising abruptly

from the sea to a height of 100 feet。  Baedeker's Great Britain。



'59'

Lulworth in Dorset; to Flamborough Head: Lulworth is on the

southern coast of England; west of the Isle of Wight: Flamborough

Head is on the northeastern coast of England and extends into the

German Ocean。



'60'

Weald: a name given to an oval…shaped chalk area in England;

beginning near the Straits of Dover; and extending into the

counties of Kent; Surrey; Hants; and Sussex。



'61'

Lieut。 Brooke: Brooke devised an apparatus for deep…sea sounding

from which the weight necessary to sink the instrument rapidly; was

detached when it reached the bottom。  The object was to relieve the

strain on the rope caused by rapid soundings。  Improved apparatuses

have been invented since the time of Brooke。



'62'

Ehrenberg (1795…1876): a German naturalist noted for his studies of

Infusoria。



'63'

Bailey of West Point (1811…1857): an American naturalist noted for

his researches in microscopy。



'64'

enterprise of laying down the telegraph…cable: the first Atlantic

telegraph…cable between England and America was laid in 1858 by

Cyrus W。 Field of New York。  Messages were sent over it for a few

weeks; then it ceased to act。  A permanent cable was laid by Mr。

Field in 1866。



'65'

Dr。 Wallich (1786…1854): a Danish botanist and member of the Royal

Society。



'66'

Mr。 Sorby: President of the Geological Society of England; and

author of many papers on subjects connected with physical

geography。



'67'

Sir Charles Lyell (1797…1875): a British geologist; and one of the

first to uphold Darwin's Origin of Species。



'68'

Echinus: the sea…urchin; an animal which dwells in a spheroidal

shell built up from polygonal plates; and covered with sharp

spines。



'69'

Somme: a river of northern France which flows into the English

Channel northeast of Dieppe。



'70'

the chipped flints of Hoxne and Amiens: the rude instruments which

were made by primitive man were of chipped flint。  Numerous

discoveries of large flint implements have been made in the north

of France; near Amiens; and in England。  The first noted flint

implements were discovered in Hoxne; Suffolk; England; 1797。  Cf。

Evans' Ancient Stone Implements and Lyell's Antiquity of Man。



'71'

Rev。 Mr。 Gunn (1800…1881): an English naturalist。  Mr。 Gunn sent

from Tasmania a large number of plants and animals now in the

British Museum。



'72'

〃the whirligig of time〃: cf。 Shakespeare; Twelfth Night; Act V; se。

I; l。 395。



'73'

Euphrates and Hiddekel: cf。 Genesis ii; 14。



'74'

the great river; the river of Babylon: cf。 Genesis xv; 18



'75'

Without haste; but without rest: from Goethe's Zahme Xenien。  In a

letter to his sister; Huxley says: 〃And then perhaps by the

following of my favorite motto;



〃'Wie das Gestirn;

Ohne Hast;

Ohne Rast'



something may be done; and some of Sister Lizzie's fond

imaginations turn out not altogether untrue。〃  The quotation entire

is as follows:



Wie das Gestirn;

Ohne Hast;

Aber ohne Rast;

Drehe sich jeder

Um die eigne Last。







THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS OF EDUCATION (1882)





'76'

The Principal Subjects of Education: an extract from the essay;

Science and Art in Relation to Education。



'77'

this discussion: 〃this〃 refers to the last sentence in the

preceding paragraph; in which Huxley says that it will be

impossible to determine the amount of time to be given to the

principal subjects of education until it is determined 〃what the

principal subjects of education ought to be。〃



'78'

Francis Bacon: cf。 note '26'。



'79'

the best chance of being happy: In connection with Huxley's work on

the London School Board; his biographer says that Huxley did not

regard 〃intellectual training only from the utilitarian point of

view; he insisted; e。 g。; on the value of reading for amusement as

one of the most valuable uses to hardworked people。〃



'80'

〃Harmony in grey〃: cf。 with l。 34 in Browning's Andrea del Sarto。



'81'

Hobbes (1588…1679): noted for his views of human nature and of

politics。  According to Minto; 〃The merits ascribed to his style

are brevity; simplicity and precision。〃



'82'

Bishop Berkeley (1685…1753): an Irish prelate noted for his

philosophical writings and especially for his theory of vision

which was the foundation for modern investigations of the subject。

〃His style has always been esteemed admirable; simple; felicitous

and sweetly melodious。  His dialogues are sustained with great

skill。〃  Minto's Manual of English Prose Literature。



'83'

We have been recently furnished with in prose: The Iliad of Homer

translated by Lang; Leaf and Myers; the first edition of which

appeared in 1882; is probably the one to which Huxley refers。  The

Odyssey; translated by Butcher and Lang; appeared in 1879。  Among

the best of the more recent translations of Homer are the Odyssey

by George Herbert Palmer; the Iliad by Arthur S。 Way; and the

Odyssey by the same author。



'84'

Locke (1632…1704): an English philosopher of great influence。  His

chief work is An Essay C

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