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to　the　Detriment　of　other　men。

　　　　The　parts　then　of　a　Monopoly　are　twaine。　The　restraint　of　the

liberty　of　Commerce　to　some　one　or　few：　and　the　setting　of　the

price　at　the　pleasure　of　the　Monopolian　to　his　private　benefit；

and　the　prejudice　of　the　publique。　Upon　which　two　hinges　every

Monopoly　turneth。　And　these　two　parts　are　respectively　repugnant

to　the　two　fundamental　requisites　of　all　good　Lawes：　to　with；

Equity　and　Utility。　For　it　against　Equity；　that　one　member　of　a

Common…wealth　should　be　more　free；　then　another　of　equall　ranke

and　condition。　And　what　can　be　more　contrary　to　Publique　Utility；

then　that　some　one　or　few　persons；　should　sway　the　price　of　any

thing　usefull　to　the　Common…wealth　to　their　owne　enriching；　and

the　common　losse　of　other　men？　And　here　it　is　to　bee　well

observed；　that　unlesse　these　two　parts　concurre　in　a　Monopoly：　it

cannot　truely　and　properly　be　so　called；　nor　ought　it　so　to　bee

accounted。　And　therefore　Althusius　following　Decianus；　saith　well

of　that　restraint　of　the　common　liberty；　which　we　call　Suit　of

Mill：　which　compelleth　men　to　use　this　or　that　Mill　to　grinde

corne；　and　none　other：　that　it　doth　only　Sapere　Monopolium；

Savour　of　Monopoly：　but　that　it　is　not　truely　and　properly　a

Monopoly。　For　that　case　of　Suit　of　Mill；　unlesse　there　be　a

greater　tolle　or　recompence　exacted　for　grinding；　then　at　other

Milles；　it　falleth　onely　within　the　first　part　of　a　Monopoly；　to

wit；　of　the　restraint　of　the　publicke　liberty；　but　not　within

compasse　of　the　other　part；　the　setting　of　the　price。　but　for

this　restraint　of　the　publique　liberty　of　Commerce；　it　may　be　so

ordered　by　the　wisedome　of　the　State；　that　it　may　be　both　Lawfull

and　Beneficiall　to　the　Common…wealth。　Which　assertion；　because　it

may　seeme　strange　to　some；　I　will　make　evident　by　good　Authority

and　Examples。　Peter　Martyr　that　famous　light　of　the　Churches　of

the　Gospell；　defendeth　the　restraint　of　Solomon；　that　none　shold

buy　Horses　of　Egypt　without　his　licence；　to　be　Lawfull。　And　of

this　kinde　is　the　Preemption　of　Tinne　here　in　England；　granted　by

His　Majesties　gracious　letters　Patents　do　somefew；　with　restraint

of　all　others：　which　I　dare　boldly　affirme　is　not　onely　Lawfull；

but　very　Beneficiall　also　to　this　Commonwealth。　For　thereby　our

Thrice　Noble　Prince　receiveth　a　good　revenue；　and　the　Tinne　of

this　Land　is　sold　for　many　thousand　pounds　a　yeare　more　in

Forrein　parts；　then　otherwise　it　would；　to　the　great　increase　of

the　Common　stocke　of　this　Kingdome。　Also　the　Law　of　this　Realme

alloweth；　that　if　any　man　invent　a　new　Art；　beneficiall　to　the

Common　wealth；　he　may　have　a　Patent　to　use　that　Arte　soley；　with

restraint　of　all　others　for　seven　years：　as　well　in　recompence　of

his　industry；　as　for　the　incouragement　of　others；　to　study　and

invent　things　profitable　for　the　publique　symbiosis。　The　Statues

of　the　Kingdome　restraine　from　the　exercise　of　sundry　Crafts；　all

such　as　have　not　served　an　apprentishood　unto　the　art　which　they

would　exercise：　to　the　ende　that　those　artes　might　be　brought　to

better　perfection；　and　the　things　made；　might　be　good　and

serviceable　for　those　that　buy　and　use　them。

　　　　The　restraint　of　the　Publique　Liberty；　is　sometimes　exercised

by　

Private　Authority：　sometimes　by　Publique。　Which　distinction　is

made　by　the　Emperour　Zeno。　Iubemus　ne　quis　prosua　authoritate；

vel　sacro　elicito　rescripto；　etc。　Monopolium　audeat　exercere。

　　　　The　former；　is　practised　when　any　one　or　more；　have　by　their

owne　private　contracts；　gotten　any　Commoditie　or　matter　of

Commerce；　wholly　into　their　owne　hands。　Of　this　kinde　are　the

examples　above　cited　out　of　Aristotle。

　　　　The　latter；　is　when　by　Publique　Authority；　the　liberty　of　the

subject　is　restrained：　which　is　done；　sometimes　by　the

Prerogative　of　the　King：　sometimes　by　Act　of　Parliament。

　　　　The　former；　by　dispensing　with　a　generall　Law　in　some　point；

and　applying　the　dispensation　to　some　one　or　fewe；　with　restraint

of　others。　The　latter；　by　prohibiting　all；　but　some　one　or　few

persons　to　use　the　benefit　of　the　Law　in　some　point　or　other。

　　　　For　dispensing　with　the　Lawes；　it　is　without　question；　that

the　King　hath　power　to　dispence　with　a　Penall　Law；　when　it

prohibiteth　that　which　is　not　Malum　in　se。　For　the　Parliament

having　made　a　Statute　with　intent　of　the　Publique　good：　yet　the

same　by　reason　of　something　not　foreseen　at　the　making　of　the

Law；　may　prove　very　prejudiciall　in　the　Execution。　And　then　the

Malum　prohibitum；　as　the　Lawyers　speake；　may　be　dispenced　with　by

the　King。　Thus　the　Parliament　having　prohibited　the　exportation

of　white　Clothes　undre'st　above　the　price　of　four　pound　the

Cloth：　the　observation　of　that　Statute　was　found　by　experience　to

be　very　prejudiciall　to　the　Trade；　and　free　vent　of　the　Cloth　in

forreine　parts。　Whereupon　Q。　Elizabeth；　granted　a　Speciall

Licence　to　the　Fellowship　of　the　Merchant　Adventurers；　to

transport　all　sorts　of　white　Clothes　undre'st；　with　a　Non

obstante　to　that　Statute。　And　although　all　other　men　stood　lyable

to　the　Statute　stil；　and　were　restrained；　yet　the　Utility　that

hereby　arose　to　the　Common…wealth；　did　farre　exceed　the　restraint

of　the　Publique　Liberty。　For　within　few　yeares　after　the　granting

of　this　Licence；　the　vent　of　Cloth　in　forreine　parts　increased　to

twice　as　much；　as　formerly　it　was　during　the　strict　observation

of　the　Statute。　Other　like　dispensations　of　Statutes；　I　might

instance：　as　that　of　the　28　H。8。　concerning　the　retailing　of

Gasgoigne　Wines　at　two　pence　a　quart：　which　is　dispenced　with；　by

a　licence　to　the　Company　of　the　Vintners：　but　these　may　suffice

for　every　mans　understanding　of　this　kinde　of　restraint。

　　　　For　Prohibition　by　Act　of　Parliament：　such　is　the　Act　whereby

all　the　subjects　of　this　Realme；　excepting　such　as　are　of　the

Corporation　of　the　Muscovy　Company；　are　forbidden　to　trade　into

any　part　of　Russia。　Also　that　of　3　Jacob　concerning　Artizan

Skinnes；　whereby　all　but　the　Company；　are　forbidden　to　buy　and

retail　some　sorts　of　Skinnes。　In　these　and　the　like；　the

Parliament　maketh　restraint　of　the　Common　liberty　of　Commerce；

and　the　same　restraint　is　againe　released；　not　unto　all；　but　to

some　persons　or　Corporations　by　Speciall　exception　and　proviso　of

the　Act　of　Parliament。

　　　　The　latter　kind　of　restraint　by　Publique　Authority；　is　when

that　which　seemeth　by　the　Lawe　to　be　free　to　all　is　by　some

Patent　or　Proclamation　of　the　Prince；　prohibited　to　all；　saving

some　certaine　Corporations；　or　persons　specially　excepted　and

authorized　in　the　same　Patent　or　Proclamation。　Of　this　kind　are

generally　reputed　all　Corporations　of　Merchants；　which　are　not

confirmed　by　Act　of　Parliament。　Which　are　generally　reputed　to

carry　with　them　a　restraint　to　others；　of　that　liberty；　which　the

Law　doth　seeme　to　offer　to　all　in　point　of　Commerce。　Whence　it　is

that　so　many　pleade　the　Freedome　of　subjects；　and　presse；　or

rather　oppresse　that　plea　of　equity；　hat　it　is　equall　that　all

subjects　should　bee　a　like　free　to　be　Merchants　in　all　Trades。　To

whom　I　answere；　that　first　there　is　no　good　Equality　in　it；

because　it　is　against　the　Publique　Utility　that　all　should　bee

Merchants　at　their　pleasure。　For　that's　not　equall；　that　may

seeme　profitable　to　one；　and　bee　hurtful　to　many。　Atque　ipso

utilitas　iusti　prop　matter　&　aequi；　as　Horace　speaketh。　And　yet

what　point　of　equity　is　broken；　when　the　freedome　of　Societies　is

so　carried；　that　it　is　open　to　all　men　upon　equall　termes；　that

is　to　say；　either　by　service　or　purchase？　Otherwise　it　were　very

unequall；　that　one　man　should　serve　for　his　freedome；　or　buy　the

same：　and　another　man　should　have　it　for　nothing。　If　this　point

were　well　thought　upon；　I　prosume　the　Gracious　Grants　and

priviledges　of　His　Majestie；　conferred　upon　Societies；　would　not

seeme　so　much　a　restraint　of　the　Common　liberty；　as　a　prudent

ordering　and　accommodating　thereof　unto　the　Publique　Utility。　For

it　hath　ever　beene　a　Policy　of　this　State；　to　reduce　the　Trades

of　Merchants　of　this　Kingdome　into　Corporations　and　Societies；

for　the　advancement　of　Trade；　by　the　benefit　of　order　and

government：　well　foreseeing　that　there　cannot　be　any　greater　Bane

to　a　Well…governed　Common…wealth；　then　Ill…governed　and

disorderly　Trade。　Whereof　I　shall　have　fitter　occasion　to　speake

in　the　next　Chapter；　when　I　come　to　treat　of　the　Incoveniences　of

the　want　of　government　in　Trade。　So　that　in　this　case　the

generall　rule　must　be　this；　that　such　a　restraint　of　the　Publique

Liberty；　as　is　before　mentioned；　is　alwayes　to　be　allowed；　when

the　same　is　recompenced　with　a　Publique　Utility。　According　to

that　of　Tacitus；　Omne　magnum　exemplum　habet　is　se　aliquid　iniqui；

quod　utilitate　publica　contra　singulos　compensatur。　Also　the

liberty　that　the　Law　seemeth　to　give　the　subjects　in　Trade；　is　to

be　understood；　of　imployment　Within　the　Kingdome；　not　Without　the

Kingdome。　For　what　liberty　can　a　Nationall　Law；　give　to　a　Forrein

Trade　under　a　Forreine　Jurisdiction；　when　the　liberty　or

restraint　thereof　dependeth　upon　those　Forreine　Princes　and

States　where　that　Trade　is　tollerated？　Therfore　the　Law　may　give

the　subject　Liberty　Within　the　Land；　but　it　is　the　King　that　must

enable　men　to　trade　Without　the　Land。　For　all　the　Trade　of　the

Merchants　of　this　Kingdome　into　Forreine　Countries；　is　grounded

upon　the　Amity　of　the　King；　and　the　Treaties　of　Peace　contracted

by　the　King；　with　the　Kings　and　Rulers　of　those　forreine　parts；

at　his　owne　charge；　and　by　His　owne　Authoritie；　without　the

assistance　of　His　Parliament。　And　therefore　it　holdeth　good

conguity；　that　the　King　by　His　like　Authority；　may　have　the

disposing　and　ordering　of　such　His　contracts　at　his　owne

pleasure。

　　　　The　second　part　of　Monopoly　remaineth；　of　the　setting　of　the

price　at　the　pleasure　of　the　Monopolist；　to　his　private　gaine；

and　the　publique　losse。　This　Gothofredus　calleth　the　forme　of　a

Monopoly。　And　in　truth　it　is　the　very　Soule　and　Accomplishment

thereof。　And　he　or　they　that　have　this　power　over　the　price　of

the　thing　they　negotiate；　may　well　be　said　according　to　the

notation　of　Mon