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第7部分

parmenides-第7部分

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but in so far as it is in itself it would be debarred from touching



them; and would touch itself only。



  Clearly。



  Then the inference is that it would touch both?



  It would。



  But what do you say to a new point of view? Must not that which is



to touch another be next to that which it is to touch; and occupy



the place nearest to that in which what it touches is situated?



  True。



  Then the one; if it is to touch itself; ought to be situated next to



itself; and occupy the place next to that in which itself is?



  It ought。



  And that would require that the one should be two; and be in two



places at once; and this; while it is one; will never happen。



  No。



  Then the one cannot touch itself any more than it can be two?



  It cannot。



  Neither can it touch others。



  Why not?



  The reason is; that whatever is to touch another must be in



separation from; and next to; that which it is to touch; and no



third thing can be between them。



  True。



  Two things; then; at the least ate necessary to make contact



possible?



  They are。



  And if to the two a third be added in due order; the number of terms



will be three; and the contacts two?



  Yes。



  And every additional term makes one additional contact; whence it



follows that the contacts are one less in number than the terms; the



first two terms exceeded the number of contacts by one; and the



whole number of terms exceeds the whole number of contacts by one in



like manner; and for every one which is afterwards added to the number



of terms; one contact is added to the contacts。



  True。



  Whatever is the whole number of things; the contacts will be



always one less。



  True。



  But if there be only one; and not two; there will be no contact?



  How can there be?



  And do we not say that the others being other than the one are not



one and have no part in the one?



  True。



  Then they have no number; if they have no one in them?



  Of course not。



  Then the others are neither one nor two; nor are they called by



the name of any number?



  No。



  One; then; alone is one; and two do not exist?



  Clearly not。



  And if there are not two; there is no contact?



  There is not。



  Then neither does the one touch the others; nor the others the



one; if there is no contact?



  Certainly not。



  For all which reasons the one touches and does not touch itself



and the others?



  True。



  Further…is the one equal and unequal to itself and others?



  How do you mean?



  If the one were greater or less than the others; or the others



greater or less than the one; they would not be greater or less than



each other in virtue of their being the one and the others; but; if in



addition to their being what they are they had equality; they would be



equal to one another; or if the one had smallness and the others



greatness; or the one had greatness and the others smallness…whichever



kind had greatness would be greater; and whichever had smallness would



be smaller?



  Certainly。



  Then there are two such ideas as greatness and smallness; for if



they were not they could not be opposed to each other and be present



in that which is。



  How could they?



  If; then; smallness is present in the one it will be present



either in the whole or in a part of the whole?



  Certainly。



  Suppose the first; it will be either co…equal and co…extensive



with the whole one; or will contain the one?



  Clearly。



  If it be co…extensive with the one it will be coequal with the



one; or if containing the one it will be greater than the one?



  Of course。



  But can smallness be equal to anything or greater than anything; and



have the functions of greatness and equality and not its own



functions?



  Impossible。



  Then smallness cannot be in the whole of one; but; if at all; in a



part only?



  Yes。



  And surely not in all of a part; for then the difficulty of the



whole will recur; it will be equal to or greater than any part in



which it is。



  Certainly。



  Then smallness will not be in anything; whether in a whole or in a



part; nor will there be anything small but actual smallness。



  True。



  Neither will greatness be in the one; for if greatness be in



anything there will be something greater other and besides greatness



itself; namely; that in which greatness is; and this too when the



small itself is not there; which the one; if it is great; must exceed;



this; however; is impossible; seeing that smallness is wholly absent。



  True。



  But absolute greatness is only greater than absolute smallness;



and smallness is only smaller than absolute greatness。



  Very true。



  Then other things not greater or less than the one; if they have



neither greatness nor smallness; nor have greatness or smallness any



power of exceeding or being exceeded in relation to the one; but



only in relation to one another; nor will the one be greater or less



than them or others; if it has neither greatness nor smallness。



  Clearly not。



  Then if the one is neither greater nor less than the others; it



cannot either exceed or be exceeded by them?



  Certainly not。



  And that which neither exceeds nor is exceeded; must be on an



equality; and being on an equality; must be equal。



  Of course。



  And this will be true also of the relation of the one to itself;



having neither greatness nor smallness in itself; it will neither



exceed nor be exceeded by itself; but will be on an equality with



and equal to itself。



  Certainly。



  Then the one will be equal to both itself and the others?



  Clearly so。



  And yet the one; being itself in itself; will also surround and be



without itself; and; as containing itself; will be greater than



itself; and; as contained in itself; will be less; and will thus be



greater and less than itself。



  It will。



  Now there cannot possibly be anything which is not included in the



one and the others?



  Of course not。



  But; surely; that which is must always be somewhere?



  Yes。



  But that which is in anything will be less; and that in which it



is will be greater; in no other way can one thing be in another。



  True。



  And since there is nothing other or besides the one and the



others; and they must be in something; must they not be in one



another; the one in the others and the others in the one; if they



are to be anywhere?



  That is clear。



  But inasmuch as the one is in the others; the others will be greater



than the one; because they contain the one; which will be less than



the others; because it is contained in them; and inasmuch as the



others are in the one; the one on the same principle will be greater



than the others; and the others less than the one。



  True。



  The one; then; will be equal to and greater and less than itself and



the others?



  Clearly。



  And if it be greater and less and equal; it will be of equal and



more and less measures or divisions than itself and the others; and if



of measures; also of parts?



  Of course。



  And if of equal and more and less measures or divisions; it will



be in number more or less than itself and the others; and likewise



equal in number to itself and to the others?



  How is that?



  It will be of more measures than those things which it exceeds;



and of as many parts as measures; and so with that to which it is



equal; and that than which it is less。



  True。



  And being greater and less than itself; and equal to itself; it will



be of equal measures with itself and of more and fewer measures than



itself; and if of measures then also of parts?



  It will。



  And being of equal parts with itself; it will be numerically equal



to itself; and being of more parts; more; and being of less; less than



itself?



  Certainly。



  And the same will hold of its relation to other things; inasmuch



as it is greater than them; it will be more in number than them; and



inasmuch as it is smaller; it will be less in number; and inasmuch



as it is equal in size to other things; it will be equal to them in



number。



  Certainly。



  Once more then; as would appear; the one will be in number both



equal to and more and less than both itself and all other things。



  It will。







  Does the one also partake of time? And is it and does it become



older and younger than itself and others; and again; neither younger



nor older than itself and others; by virtue of participation in time?



  How do you mean?



  If one is; being must be predicated of it?



  Yes。



  But to be (einai) is only participation of being in present time;



and to have been is the participation of being at a past time; and



to be about to be is the participation of being at a future time?



  Very true。



  Then the one; since it partakes of being; partakes of time?



  Certainly。



  And is not time always moving forward?



  Yes。



  Then the one is always becoming older than itself; since it moves



forward in time?



  Certainly。



  And do you remember that the older becomes older than that which



becomes younger?



  I remember。



  Then since the one becomes older than itself; it becomes younger



at the same time?



  Certainly。



  Thus; then; the one becomes older as well as younger than itself?



  Yes。



  And it is older (is it not?) when in becoming; it gets to the



point of time。 between 〃was〃 and 〃will be;〃 which is 〃now〃: for surely



in going from the past to the future; it cannot skip the present?



  No。



  And when it arrives at the present it stops from becoming older; and



no longer becomes; but is older; for if it went on it wou

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