hiero(希尔罗)-第4部分
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his own city； he will find himself in the centre of hostility at once。 Or let
us suppose that an invading army； superior in force； is marching against a
city： however much the weaker population； whilst they are still outside
their walls； may feel the stress of danger； yet once within their trenches
one and all expect to find themselves in absolute security。 But the tyrant is
not out of danger； even when he has passed the portals of his palace。 Nay！
there of all places most； he feels； he must maintain the strictist watch。＇7＇
Again； to the private citizen there will come eventually； either through
truce or terms of peace； respite from war； but for the tyrant； the day of
peace will never dawn。 What peace can he have with those over whom he
exercises his despotic sway？＇8＇ Nor have the terms of truce been yet
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devised； on which the despotic ruler may rely with confidence。＇9＇
＇5＇ ｛koinon｝； i。e。 making demands upon the eneriges of all the
citizens in common； as opposed to the personal character of war as
conducted by a despot = 〃public；〃 〃patriotic；〃 〃national〃 war。 Al。
borne by the particular ｛polis｝ as member of a league； whether of
states united for the time being in a ｛summakhia｝； or permanently in
a confederacy = a 〃federal〃 war。
＇6＇ 〃Even if serving on a campaign in the enemy's country。〃
＇7＇ Or； 〃he has to exercise the utmost vigilance。〃
＇8＇ 〃With those who are 'absolutely governed；' not to say tyrannically
ruled。〃
＇9＇ Or； 〃which the tyrant may accept in faith and go his way
rejoicing。〃
Wars doubtless there are；＇10＇ wars waged by states and wars waged by
autocratic monarchs against those whom they have forcibly enslaved； and
in respect of these wars there is no hardship which any member of the
states at war＇11＇ can suffer but the tyrant will feel it also。 That is to say；
both must alike be under arms； keep guard； run risks； and whatever the
pains of defeat may be； they are equally sustained by both。 Up to this point
there is no distinction。 The 〃bitters〃 are equal。 But when we come to
estimate the 〃sweets〃 derivable from warfare between states；＇12＇ the
parallel ceases。 The tyrant； if he shared the pains before； no longer shares
the pleasures now。 What happens when a state has gained the mastery in
battle over her antagonist？ It would be hard （I take it） to describe the joy
of that occurrence： joy in the rout； joy in the pursuit； joy in the slaughter of
their enemies； and in what language shall I describe the exultation of these
warriors at their feats of arms？ With what assumption they bind on their
brows the glittering wreath of glory；＇13＇ with what mirth and jollity
congratulate themselves on having raised their city to newer heights of
fame。 Each several citizen claims to have shared in the plan of the
campaign；＇14＇ and to have slain the largest number。 Indeed it would be
hard to find where false embellishment will not creep in；＇15＇ the number
stated to be the slain exceeding that of those that actually perished。 So
truly glorious a thing it seems to them to have won a great victory。＇16＇
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＇10＇ Lit。 〃and further； wars there are； waged against forcibly…
subjected populations whether by free states〃e。g。 of Olynthus；
〃Hell。〃 V。 ii。 23； or Athens against her 〃subject allies〃 during the Pel。
war〃or by despotic rules〃Jason of Pherae （〃Hell。〃 VI。） Al。 〃wars
waged by free states against free states； and wars waged by tyrants
against enslaved peoples。〃
＇11＇ Does ｛o en tais polesi｝ = 〃the citizen〃？ So some commentators；
or （sub。 ｛polemos｝） = 〃the war among states〃 （see Hartman； op。 cit。
p。 248）？ in which case transl。 〃all the hardships involved in
international war come home to the tyrant also。〃 The same obscurity
attaches to ｛oi en tais polesi｝ below （the commonly adopted emend。
of the MS。 ｛oi sunontes polesi｝ = 〃the citizens；〃 or else =
〃international wars。〃
＇12＇ 〃The pleasures incidental to warfare between states〃； al。 〃the
sweets which citizens engaged in warfare as against rival states can
count upon。〃
＇13＇ Reading ｛analambanousin｝； or； if after Cobet； etc。；
｛lambanousin｝； transl。 〃what brilliant honour； what bright credit they
assume。〃
＇14＇ 〃To have played his part in counsel。〃 See 〃Anab。〃 passim； and M。
Taine； 〃Essais de Critique；〃 〃Xenophon；〃 p。 128。
＇15＇ Lit。 〃they do not indulge in false additions； pretending to have
put more enemies to death than actually fell。〃
＇16＇ Cf。 〃Hipparch；〃 viii。 11； 〃Cyrop。〃 VIII。 iii。 25； 〃Thuc。〃 i。 49。
But the tyrant； when he forebodes； or possibly perceives in actual fact；
some opposition brewing； and puts the suspects＇17＇ to the sword； knows
he will not thereby promote the welfare of the state collectively。 The cold
clear fact is； he will have fewer subjects to rule over。＇18＇ How can he
show a cheerful countenance？＇19＇ how magnify himself on his
achievement？ On the contrary； his desire is to lessen the proportions of
what has taken place； as far as may be。 He will apologise for what he does；
even in the doing of it； letting it appear that what he has wrought at least
was innocent；＇20＇ so little does his conduct seem noble even to himself。
And when those he dreaded are safely in their graves； he is not one whit
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more confident of spirit； but still more on his guard than heretofore。 That
is the kind of war with which the tyrant is beset from day to day
continually； as I do prove。＇21＇
＇17＇ See Hold。 （crit。 app。）； Hartman； op。 cit。 p。 260。
＇18＇ Cf。 〃Mem。〃 I。 ii。 38。
＇19＇ Cf。 〃Anab。〃 II。 vi。 11； 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 16。
＇20＇ 〃Not of malice prepense。〃
＇21＇ Or； 〃Such then； as I describe it； is the type of war；〃 etc。
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III
Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to
tyrants to partake。 And first； let us examine with ourselves and see if
friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man。
How fares it with the man who is beloved of friends？ See with what
gladness his friends and lovers hail his advent！ delight to do him kindness！
long for him when he is absent from them！＇1＇ and welcome him most
gladly on his return！＇2＇ In any good which shall betide him they rejoice
together； or if they see him overtaken by misfortune； they rush to his
assistance as one man。＇3＇
＇1＇ Reading ｛an ate｝； or if ｛an apie｝； transl。 〃have yearning hearts
when he must leave them。〃
＇2＇ See Anton Rubinstein； 〃Die Musik and ihre Meister；〃 p。 8； 〃Some
Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op。 81。〃
＇3＇ Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and
phraseology。
Nay！ it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that
friendship is the greatest boon； the sweetest happiness which men may
taste。 At any rate； the custom holds＇4＇ in many states 〃to slay the
adulterer〃 alone of all 〃with impunity；〃＇5＇ for this reason clearly that such
miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship＇6＇ which binds the
woman to the husband。 Since where by some untoward chance a woman
suffers violation of her chastity；＇7＇ husbands do not the less honour them；
as far as that goes； provided true affection still appear unsullied。＇8＇
＇4＇ Lit。 〃many of the states have a law and custom to；〃 etc。 Cf。 〃Pol。
Lac。〃 ii。 4。
＇5＇ Cf。 Plat。 〃Laws；〃 874 C； 〃if a man find his wife suffering
violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of the
law。〃 Dem。 〃in Aristocr。〃 53； ｛ean tis apokteine en athlois akon 。 。 。 e
epi damarti； k。t。l。 。 。 。 touton eneka me pheugein kteinanta｝。
＇6＇ See Lys。 〃de caed Eratosth。〃 S。 32 f。； ｛outos； o andres； tous
biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous peithontas 。
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ton men gar thanaton kategno； tois de diplen epoiese ten blaben；
egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton biasthenton
miseisthai； tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas diaphth
