part11-第4部分

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protestations；　he　is　for　liberty；　equality　&　representative

government；　and　he　is　more　able　to　keep　the　nation　together；　&　to

ride　out　the　storm　than　any　other。　　Perhaps　it　may　end　in　their

establishing　a　single　representative　&　that　in　his　person。　　I　hope　it

will　not　be　for　life；　for　fear　of　the　influence　of　the　example　on　our

countrymen。　　It　is　very　material　for　the　latter　to　be　made　sensible

that　their　own　character　&　situation　are　materially　different　from

the　French；　&　that　whatever　may　be　the　fate　of　republicanism　there；

we　are　able　to　preserve　it　inviolate　here：　we　are　sensible　of　the

duty　&　expediency　of　submitting　our　opinions　to　the　will　of　the

majority　and　can　wait　with　patience　till　they　get　right　if　they

happen　to　be　at　any　time　wrong。　　Our　vessel　is　moored　at　such　a

distance；　that　should　theirs　blow　up；　ours　is　still　safe；　if　we　will

but　think　so。




　　　　　　　　（*）　60。　were　expelled　from　the　500；　so　as　to　change　the

majority　there　to　the　other　side。　　It　seems　doubtful　whether　any　were

expelled　from　the　Antients。　　The　majority　there　was　already　with　the

Consular　party。




　　　　　　　　I　had　recommended　the　enclosed　letter　to　the　care　of　the

postmaster　at　Louisville；　but　have　been　advised　it　is　better　to　get　a

friend　to　forward　it　by　some　of　the　boats。　　I　will　ask　that　favor　of

you。　　It　is　the　duplicate　of　one　with　the　same　address　which　I

inclosed　last　week　to　mr。　Innes　&　should　therefore　go　by　a　different

conveyance。　　I　am　with　great　esteem　dear　sir　your　friend　&　servant。







　　　　　　　　ILLUMINATISM




　　　　　　　　_To　Bishop　James　Madison_

　　　　　　　　_Philadelphia；　Jan。　31；　1800_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　I　have　received　your　favor　of　the　17th；　&

communicated　it　to　Mr。　Smith。　　I　lately　forwarded　your　letter　from

Dr。　Priestley；　endorsed　‘with　a　book'；　I　struck　those　words　through

with　my　pen；　because　no　book　had　then　come。　　It　is　now　received；　&

shall　be　forwarded　to　Richmond　by　the　first　opportunity：　but　such

opportunities　are　difficult　to　find；　gentlemen　going　in　the　stage　not

liking　to　take　charge　of　a　packet　which　is　to　be　attended　to　every

time　the　stage　is　changed。　　The　best　chance　will　be　by　some　captain

of　a　vessel　going　round　to　Richmond。　　I　shall　address　it　to　the　care

of　Mr。　George　Jefferson　there。




　　　　　　　　I　have　lately　by　accident　got　a　sight　of　a　single　volume　（the

3d。）　of　the　Abbe　Barruel's　‘Antisocial　conspiracy；'　which　gives　me

the　first　idea　I　have　ever　had　of　what　is　meant　by　the　Illuminatism

against　which　‘illuminate　Morse'　as　he　is　now　called；　&　his

ecclesiastical　&　monarchical　associates　have　been　making　such　a　hue

and　cry。　　Barruel's　own　parts　of　the　book　are　perfectly　the　ravings

of　a　Bedlamite。　　But　he　quotes　largely　from　Wishaupt　whom　he

considers　as　the　founder　of　what　he　calls　the　order。　　As　you　may　not

have　had　an　opportunity　of　forming　a　judgment　of　this　cry　of　‘mad

dog'　which　has　been　raised　against　his　doctrines；　I　will　give　you　the

idea　I　have　formed　from　only　an　hour's　reading　of　Barruel's

quotations　from　him；　which　you　may　be　sure　are　not　the　most

favorable。　　Wishaupt　seems　to　be　an　enthusiastic　Philanthropist。　　He

is　among　those　（as　you　know　the　excellent　Price　and　Priestley　also

are）　who　believe　in　the　indefinite　perfectibility　of　man。　　He　thinks

he　may　in　time　be　rendered　so　perfect　that　he　will　be　able　to　govern

himself　in　every　circumstance　so　as　to　injure　none；　to　do　all　the

good　he　can；　to　leave　government　no　occasion　to　exercise　their　powers

over　him；　&　of　course　to　render　political　government　useless。　　This

you　know　is　Godwin's　doctrine；　and　this　is　what　Robinson；　Barruel　&

Morse　had　called　a　conspiracy　against　all　government。　　Wishaupt

believes　that　to　promote　this　perfection　of　the　human　character　was

the　object　of　Jesus　Christ。　　That　his　intention　was　simply　to

reinstate　natural　religion；　&　by　diffusing　the　light　of　his　morality；

to　teach　us　to　govern　ourselves。　　His　precepts　are　the　love　of　god　&

love　of　our　neighbor。　　And　by　teaching　innocence　of　conduct；　he

expected　to　place　men　in　their　natural　state　of　liberty　&　equality。

He　says；　no　one　ever　laid　a　surer　foundation　for　liberty　than　our

grand　master；　Jesus　of　Nazareth。　　He　believes　the　Free　masons　were

originally　possessed　of　the　true　principles　&　objects　of

Christianity；　&　have　still　preserved　some　of　them　by　tradition；　but

much　disfigured。　　The　means　he　proposes　to　effect　this　improvement　of

human　nature　are　‘to　enlighten　men；　to　correct　their　morals　&　inspire

them　with　benevolence。　　Secure　of　our　success；　sais　he；　we　abstain

from　violent　commotions。　　To　have　foreseen　the　happiness　of　posterity

&　to　have　prepared　it　by　irreproachable　means；　suffices　for　our

felicity。　　The　tranquility　of　our　consciences　is　not　troubled　by　the

reproach　of　aiming　at　the　ruin　or　overthrow　of　states　or　thrones。'　As

Wishaupt　lived　under　the　tyranny　of　a　despot　&　priests；　he　knew　that

caution　was　necessary　even　in　spreading　information；　&　the　principles

of　pure　morality。　　He　proposed　therefore　to　lead　the　Free　masons　to

adopt　this　object　&　to　make　the　objects　of　their　institution　the

diffusion　of　science　&　virtue。　　He　proposed　to　initiate　new　members

into　his　body　by　gradations　proportioned　to　his　fears　of　the

thunderbolts　of　tyranny。　　This　has　given　an　air　of　mystery　to　his

views；　was　the　foundation　of　his　banishment；　the　subversion　of　the

masonic　order；　&　is　the　colour　for　the　ravings　against　him　of

Robinson；　Barruel　&　Morse；　whose　real　fears　are　that　the　craft　would

be　endangered　by　the　spreading　of　information；　reason；　&　natural

morality　among　men。　　This　subject　being　new　to　me；　I　have　imagined

that　if　it　be　so　to　you　also；　you　may　receive　the　same　satisfaction

in　seeing；　which　I　have　had　in　forming　the　analysis　of　it：　&　I

believe　you　will　think　with　me　that　if　Wishaupt　had　written　here；

where　no　secrecy　is　necessary　in　our　endeavors　to　render　men　wise　&

virtuous；　he　would　not　have　thought　of　any　secret　machinery　for　that

purpose。　　As　Godwin；　if　he　had　written　in　Germany；　might　probably

also　have　thought　secrecy　&　mysticism　prudent。　　I　will　say　nothing　to

you　on　the　late　revolution　of　France；　which　is　painfully　interesting。

Perhaps　when　we　know　more　of　the　circumstances　which　gave　rise　to　it；

&　the　direction　it　will　take；　Buonaparte；　its　chief　organ；　may　stand

in　a　better　light　than　at　present。　　I　am　with　great　esteem；　dear　sir；

your　affectionate　friend。







　　　　　　　　〃A　FEW　PLAIN　DUTIES〃




　　　　　　　　_To　Gideon　Granger_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　Aug。　13；　1800_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　I　received　with　great　pleasure　your　favor　of　June

4；　and　am　much　comforted　by　the　appearance　of　a　change　of　opinion　in

your　state；　for　tho'　we　may　obtain；　&　I　believe　shall　obtain；　a

majority　in　the　legislature　of　the　United　States；　attached　to　the

preservation　of　the　Federal　constitution　according　to　it's　obvious

principles；　&　those　on　which　it　was　known　to　be　received；　attached

equally　to　the　preservation　to　the　states　of　those　rights

unquestionably　remaining　with　them；　friends　to　the　freedom　of

religion；　freedom　of　the　press；　trial　by　jury　&　to　economical

government；　opposed　to　standing　armies；　paper　systems；　war；　&　all

connection；　other　than　commerce；　with　any　foreign　nation；　in　short；　a

majority　firm　in　all　those　principles　which　we　have　espoused　and　the

federalists　have　opposed　uniformly；　still；　should　the　whole　body　of

New　England　continue　in　opposition　to　these　principles　of　government；

either　knowingly　or　through　delusion；　our　government　will　be　a　very

uneasy　one。　　It　can　never　be　harmonious　&　solid；　while　so　respectable

a　portion　of　it's　citizens　support　principles　which　go　directly　to　a

change　of　the　federal　constitution；　to　sink　the　state　governments；

consolidate　them　into　one；　and　to　monarchize　that。　　Our　country　is

too　large　to　have　all　its　affairs　directed　by　a　single　government。

Public　servants　at　such　a　distance；　&　from　under　the　eye　of　their

constituents；　must；　from　the　circumstance　of　distance；　be　unable　to

administer　&　overlook　all　the　details　necessary　for　the　good

government　of　the　citizens；　and　the　same　circumstance；　by　rendering

detection　impossible　to　their　constituents；　will　invite　the　public

agents　to　corruption；　plunder　&　waste。　　And　I　do　verily　believe；　that

if　the　principle　were　to　prevail；　of　a　common　law　being　in　force　in

the　U　S；　（which　principle　possesses　the　general　government　at　once　of

all　the　powers　of　the　state　governments；　and　reduces　us　to　a　single

consolidated　government；）　it　would　become　the　most　corrupt　government

on　the　earth。　　You　have　seen　the　practises　by　which　the　public

servants　have　been　able　to　cover　their　conduct；　or；　where　that　could

not　be　done；　delusions　by　which　they　have　varnished　it　for　the　eye　of

their　constituents。　　What　an　augmentation　of　the　field　for　jobbing；

speculating；　plundering；　office…building　&　office…hunting　would　be

produced　by　an　assumption　of　all　the　state　powers　into　the　hands　of

the　general　government。　　The　true　theory　of　our　constitution　is

surely　the　wisest　&　best；　that　the　states　are　independent　as　to

everything　within　themselves；　&　united　as　to　everything　respecting

foreign　nations。　　Let　the　general　government　be　reduced　to　foreign

concerns　only；　and　let　our　affairs　be　disentangled　from　those　of　all

other　nations；　except　as　to　commerce；　which　the　merchants　will　manage

the　better；　the　more　they　are　left　free　to　manage　for　themselves；　and

our　general　government　may　be　reduced　to　a　very　simple　organization；

&　a　very　unexpensive　one；　a　few　plain　duties　to　be　performed　by　a　few

servants。　　But　I　repeat；　that　this　simple　&　economical　mode　of

government　can　never　be　secured；　if　the　New　England　States　continue

to　support　the　contrary　system。　　I　rejoice；　therefore；　in　every

appearance　of　their　returning　to　those　principles　which　I　had　always

imagined　to　be　almost　innate　in　them。　　In　this　State；　a　few　persons

were　deluded　by　the　X。　Y。　Z。　dupe