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С˵£º the spirit of laws ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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This¡¡distinction£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡in¡¡that¡¡particular¡¡case£»¡¡had¡¡afterwards¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡extent¡£¡¡Beaumanoir¡¡says¡¡that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡challenger¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment¡¡attacked¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peers¡¡by¡¡personal¡¡imputation£»¡¡battle¡¡ensued£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡he¡¡attacked¡¡only¡¡the¡¡judgment£»¡¡the¡¡peer¡¡challenged¡¡was¡¡at¡¡liberty¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡dispute¡¡either¡¡by¡¡battle¡¡or¡¡by¡¡law¡££§192£§¡¡But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡prevailing¡¡spirit¡¡in¡¡Beaumanoir's¡¡time¡¡was¡¡to¡¡restrain¡¡the¡¡usage¡¡of¡¡judicial¡¡combats£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡this¡¡liberty£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡granted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡peer¡¡challenged£»¡¡of¡¡defending¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡by¡¡combat¡¡or¡¡not¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡honour¡¡established¡¡in¡¡those¡¡days£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡obligation¡¡the¡¡vassal¡¡lay¡¡under¡¡of¡¡defending¡¡his¡¡lord's¡¡jurisdiction£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡think¡¡that¡¡this¡¡distinction¡¡of¡¡Beaumanoir's¡¡was¡¡a¡¡novelty¡¡in¡¡French¡¡jurisprudence¡£

I¡¡would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡it¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡all¡¡appeals¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment¡¡were¡¡decided¡¡by¡¡battle£»¡¡it¡¡fared¡¡with¡¡this¡¡appeal¡¡as¡¡with¡¡all¡¡others¡£¡¡The¡¡reader¡¡may¡¡recollect¡¡the¡¡exceptions¡¡mentioned¡¡in¡¡the¡¡25th¡¡chapter¡£¡¡Here¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡business¡¡of¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡court¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡was¡¡proper¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡the¡¡pledges¡¡of¡¡battle¡¡or¡¡not¡£

There¡¡could¡¡be¡¡no¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment¡¡against¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡court£»¡¡because£»¡¡as¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡one¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡could¡¡challenge¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡king¡¡had¡¡no¡¡superior£»¡¡none¡¡could¡¡appeal¡¡from¡¡his¡¡court¡£

This¡¡fundamental¡¡regulation£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡as¡¡a¡¡political¡¡law£»¡¡diminished¡¡also¡¡as¡¡a¡¡civil¡¡law¡¡the¡¡abuses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡judicial¡¡proceedings¡¡of¡¡those¡¡times¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡lord¡¡was¡¡afraid¡¡that¡¡his¡¡court¡¡would¡¡be¡¡challenged¡¡with¡¡false¡¡judgment£»¡¡or¡¡perceived¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡challenge£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡required¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡challenged£»¡¡he¡¡might¡¡demand¡¡from¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡court¡¡men¡¡whose¡¡judgment¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡set¡¡aside¡££§193£§¡¡Thus¡¡King¡¡Philip£»¡¡says¡¡D¨¦fontaines£»£§194£§¡¡sent¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡council¡¡to¡¡judge¡¡an¡¡affair¡¡in¡¡the¡¡court¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Abbot¡¡of¡¡Corbey¡£

But¡¡if¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡judges¡¡from¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡he¡¡might¡¡remove¡¡his¡¡court¡¡into¡¡the¡¡king's£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡held¡¡immediately¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡intermediate¡¡lords£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡his¡¡suzerain£»¡¡removing¡¡from¡¡one¡¡lord¡¡to¡¡another¡¡till¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡£

Thus£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡they¡¡had¡¡in¡¡those¡¡days¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡nor¡¡even¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡our¡¡modern¡¡appeals£»¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡had¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡the¡¡source¡¡whence¡¡all¡¡those¡¡rivers¡¡flowed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡into¡¡which¡¡they¡¡returned¡£

28¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡Appeal¡¡of¡¡Default¡¡of¡¡Justice¡£¡¡The¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡was£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡court¡¡of¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡lord¡¡deferred£»¡¡evaded£»¡¡or¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡do¡¡justice¡¡to¡¡the¡¡parties¡£

During¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡our¡¡princes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡¡race£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡count¡¡had¡¡several¡¡officers¡¡under¡¡him£»¡¡their¡¡person¡¡was¡¡subordinate£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡their¡¡jurisdiction¡£¡¡These¡¡officers¡¡in¡¡their¡¡court¡¡days£»¡¡assizes£»¡¡or¡¡Placita£»¡¡gave¡¡judgment¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡resort¡¡as¡¡the¡¡count¡¡himself£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡consisted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡jurisdiction¡£¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡the¡¡count¡¡had¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡condemning¡¡to¡¡death£»¡¡of¡¡judging¡¡of¡¡liberty£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡restitution¡¡of¡¡goods£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡centenarii¡¡had¡¡not¡££§195£§

For¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason¡¡there¡¡were¡¡greater¡¡cases¡¡which¡¡were¡¡reserved¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡namely£»¡¡those¡¡which¡¡directly¡¡concerned¡¡the¡¡political¡¡order¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡££§196£§¡¡Such¡¡were¡¡the¡¡disputes¡¡between¡¡bishops£»¡¡abbots£»¡¡counts£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡grandees£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡determined¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king¡¡together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡great¡¡vassals¡££§197£§

What¡¡some¡¡authors¡¡have¡¡advanced£»¡¡namely£»¡¡that¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡lay¡¡from¡¡the¡¡count¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡commissary£»¡¡or¡¡Missus¡¡Dominicus£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡well¡­grounded¡£¡¡The¡¡count¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Missus¡¡had¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡jurisdiction£»¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other¡££§198£§¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡difference¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Missus¡¡held¡¡his¡¡Placita£»¡¡or¡¡assizes£»¡¡four¡¡months¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year£»£§199£§¡¡and¡¡the¡¡count¡¡the¡¡other¡¡eight¡£

If¡¡a¡¡person£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡condemned¡¡at¡¡an¡¡assize£»¡¡demanded¡¡to¡¡have¡¡his¡¡cause¡¡tried¡¡over¡¡again£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡afterwards¡¡cast£»¡¡he¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡fifteen¡¡sous£»¡¡or¡¡received¡¡fifteen¡¡blows¡¡from¡¡the¡¡judges¡¡who¡¡had¡¡decided¡¡the¡¡affair¡££§200£§

When¡¡the¡¡counts£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡commissaries¡¡did¡¡not¡¡find¡¡themselves¡¡able¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡the¡¡great¡¡lords¡¡to¡¡reason£»¡¡they¡¡made¡¡them¡¡give¡¡bail¡¡or¡¡security£§201£§¡¡that¡¡they¡¡would¡¡appear¡¡in¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡court£º¡¡this¡¡was¡¡to¡¡try¡¡the¡¡cause£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡rejudge¡¡it¡£¡¡I¡¡find¡¡in¡¡the¡¡capitulary¡¡of¡¡Metz£§202£§¡¡a¡¡law¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡court¡¡is¡¡established£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡other¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡appeal¡¡are¡¡proscribed¡¡and¡¡punished¡£

If¡¡they¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sheriffs£§203£§¡¡and¡¡made¡¡no¡¡complaint£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡imprisoned¡¡till¡¡they¡¡had¡¡submitted£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡they¡¡complained£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡conducted¡¡under¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡guard¡¡before¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡was¡¡examined¡¡in¡¡his¡¡court¡£

There¡¡could¡¡be¡¡hardly¡¡any¡¡room¡¡then¡¡for¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡£¡¡For¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡its¡¡being¡¡usual¡¡in¡¡those¡¡days¡¡to¡¡complain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡counts¡¡and¡¡others¡¡who¡¡had¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡holding¡¡assizes¡¡were¡¡not¡¡exact¡¡in¡¡discharging¡¡this¡¡duty£»£§204£§¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡general¡¡complaint¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡too¡¡exact¡£¡¡Hence¡¡we¡¡find¡¡such¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡ordinances£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡counts¡¡and¡¡all¡¡other¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡are¡¡forbidden¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡assizes¡¡above¡¡thrice¡¡a¡¡year¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡so¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡chastise¡¡their¡¡indolence£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡check¡¡their¡¡activity¡£

But£»¡¡after¡¡an¡¡infinite¡¡number¡¡of¡¡petty¡¡lordships¡¡had¡¡been¡¡formed£»¡¡and¡¡different¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡vassalage¡¡established£»¡¡the¡¡neglect¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡vassals¡¡in¡¡holding¡¡their¡¡courts¡¡gave¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡appeal£»£§205£§¡¡especially¡¡as¡¡very¡¡considerable¡¡profits¡¡accrued¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡paramount¡¡from¡¡the¡¡several¡¡fines¡£

As¡¡the¡¡custom¡¡of¡¡judicial¡¡combats¡¡gained¡¡every¡¡day¡¡more¡¡ground£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡places£»¡¡cases£»¡¡and¡¡times£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡assemble¡¡the¡¡peers£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡in¡¡which¡¡justice¡¡was¡¡delayed¡£¡¡The¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡was¡¡therefore¡¡introduced£»¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡that¡¡has¡¡been¡¡often¡¡a¡¡remarkable¡¡era¡¡in¡¡our¡¡history£»¡¡because¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wars¡¡of¡¡those¡¡days¡¡were¡¡imputed¡¡to¡¡a¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡law£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡cause£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡the¡¡pretence£»¡¡of¡¡our¡¡modern¡¡wars¡¡is¡¡the¡¡infringement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡nations¡£

Beaumanoir¡¡says£§206£§¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡battle¡¡was¡¡not¡¡allowed£º¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡are¡¡these£º¡¡1¡£¡¡They¡¡could¡¡not¡¡challenge¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡himself£»¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡respect¡¡due¡¡to¡¡his¡¡person£»¡¡neither¡¡could¡¡they¡¡challenge¡¡the¡¡lord's¡¡peers£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡case¡¡was¡¡clear£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡had¡¡only¡¡to¡¡reckon¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡the¡¡summons£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡delays£»¡¡there¡¡had¡¡been¡¡no¡¡judgment¡¡passed£»¡¡consequently¡¡there¡¡could¡¡be¡¡no¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment£º¡¡in¡¡fine£»¡¡the¡¡crime¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peers¡¡offended¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡party£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡against¡¡rule¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡battle¡¡between¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡and¡¡his¡¡peers¡£

But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡default¡¡was¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡witnesses¡¡before¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡court£»£§207£§¡¡the¡¡witnesses¡¡might¡¡be¡¡challenged£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡nor¡¡his¡¡court¡¡were¡¡offended¡£

In¡¡case¡¡the¡¡default¡¡was¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lord's¡¡tenants¡¡or¡¡peers£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡delayed¡¡to¡¡administer¡¡justice£»¡¡or¡¡had¡¡avoided¡¡giving¡¡judgment¡¡after¡¡past¡¡delays£»¡¡then¡¡these¡¡peers¡¡were¡¡appealed¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡before¡¡the¡¡paramount£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡cast£»¡¡they¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡to¡¡their¡¡lord¡££§208£§¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡could¡¡not¡¡give¡¡them¡¡any¡¡assistance£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡he¡¡seized¡¡their¡¡fief£»¡¡till¡¡they¡¡had¡¡each¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡sixty¡¡livres¡£

2¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡default¡¡was¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lord£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡¡whenever¡¡there¡¡happened¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡sufficient¡¡number¡¡of¡¡peers¡¡in¡¡his¡¡court¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡judgment£»¡¡or¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡not¡¡assembled¡¡his¡¡tenants¡¡or¡¡appointed¡¡somebody¡¡in¡¡his¡¡place¡¡to¡¡assemble¡¡them£»¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡might¡¡be¡¡made¡¡of¡¡the¡¡default¡¡before¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡paramount£»¡¡but¡¡then¡¡the¡¡party¡¡and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡was¡¡summoned£»¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡respect¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡latter¡££§209£§

The¡¡lord¡¡demanded¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tried¡¡before¡¡the¡¡paramount£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡he¡¡was¡¡acquitted¡¡of¡¡the¡¡default£»¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡was¡¡remanded¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡likewise¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡sixty¡¡livres¡££§210£§¡¡But¡¡if¡¡the¡¡default¡¡was¡¡proved£»¡¡the¡¡penalty¡¡inflicted¡¡on¡¡him¡¡was¡¡to¡¡lose¡¡the¡¡trial¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cause£»£§211£§¡¡which¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡then¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡court¡£¡¡And£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡complaint¡¡of¡¡default¡¡was¡¡made¡¡with¡¡no¡¡other¡¡view¡£

3¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡was¡¡sued¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡court£»£§212£§¡¡which¡¡never¡¡happened¡¡but¡¡upon¡¡disputes¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fief£»¡¡after¡¡letting¡¡all¡¡the¡¡delays¡¡pass£»¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡summoned¡¡before¡¡the¡¡peers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sovereign's¡¡name£»£§213£§¡¡whose¡¡permission¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡on¡¡that¡¡occasion¡£¡¡The¡¡peers¡¡did¡¡not¡¡make¡¡the¡¡summons¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡name£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡summon¡¡their¡¡lord£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡could¡¡summon¡¡for¡¡their¡¡lord¡££§214£§

Sometimes¡¡the¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡was¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡had¡¡caused¡¡judgment¡¡to¡¡be¡¡passed£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡the¡¡default¡££§215£§

The¡¡vassal¡¡who¡¡had¡¡wrongfully¡¡challenged¡¡his¡¡lord¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡was¡¡sentenced¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡according¡¡to¡¡his¡¡lord's¡¡pleasure¡££§216£§

The¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡Gaunt¡¡had¡¡challenged¡¡the¡¡Earl¡¡of¡¡Flanders¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡before¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡for¡¡having¡¡delayed¡¡to¡¡give¡¡judgment¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡court¡££§217£§¡¡Upon¡¡examination¡¡it¡¡was¡¡found¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡used¡¡fewer¡¡delays¡¡than¡¡even¡¡the¡¡custom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡allowed¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡therefore¡¡remanded¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡their¡¡effects¡¡to¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡sixty¡¡thousand¡¡livres¡¡were¡¡seized¡£¡¡They¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡court¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡moderated£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡the¡¡earl¡¡might¡¡insist¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡fine£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡upon¡¡more¡¡if¡¡he¡¡pleased¡£¡¡Beaumanoir¡¡was¡¡present¡¡at¡¡those¡¡judgments¡£

4¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡disputes¡¡which¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡might¡¡have¡¡with¡¡his¡¡vassal£»¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡person¡¡or¡¡honour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡property¡¡that¡¡did¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fief£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡room¡¡for¡¡a¡¡challenge¡¡of¡¡default¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡was¡¡not¡¡tried¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lord's¡¡court£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paramount£º¡¡vassals£»¡¡says¡¡D¨¦fontaines£»£§218£§¡¡having¡¡no¡¡power¡¡to¡¡give¡¡judgment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡person¡¡of¡¡their¡¡lord¡£

I¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡some¡¡trouble¡¡to¡¡give¡¡a¡¡clear¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡those¡¡things£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡so¡¡obscure¡¡and¡¡confused¡¡in¡¡ancient¡¡authors¡¡that¡¡to¡¡disentangle¡¡them¡¡from¡¡the¡¡chaos¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡involved¡¡may¡¡be¡¡reckoned¡¡a¡¡new¡¡discovery¡£

29¡£¡¡Epoch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Reign¡¡of¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡£¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡¡abolished¡¡the¡¡judicial¡¡combats¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡demesne£»¡¡as¡¡appears¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ordinance¡¡he¡¡published¡¡thereupon£»£§219£§¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Institutions¡££§220£§

But¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡suppress¡¡them¡¡in¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡barons£»¡¡except¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡challenge¡¡of¡¡false¡¡judgment¡££§221£§

A¡¡vassal¡¡could¡¡not¡¡challenge¡¡the¡¡court¡¡of¡¡his¡¡lord¡¡o

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