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All¡¡inequality¡¡in¡¡democracies¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡from¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡equality¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡apprehended¡¡that¡¡people¡¡who¡¡are¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡live¡¡by¡¡their¡¡labour¡¡would¡¡be¡¡too¡¡much¡¡impoverished¡¡by¡¡a¡¡public¡¡employment£»¡¡or¡¡neglect¡¡the¡¡duties¡¡attending¡¡it£»¡¡that¡¡artisans¡¡would¡¡grow¡¡insolent£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡too¡¡great¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡freemen¡¡would¡¡overpower¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡citizens¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡equality£§12£§¡¡in¡¡a¡¡democracy¡¡may¡¡be¡¡suppressed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡good¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡only¡¡an¡¡apparent¡¡equality£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡man¡¡ruined¡¡by¡¡a¡¡public¡¡employment¡¡would¡¡be¡¡in¡¡a¡¡worse¡¡condition¡¡than¡¡his¡¡fellow¡citizens£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡same¡¡man£»¡¡being¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡neglect¡¡his¡¡duty£»¡¡would¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡to¡¡a¡¡worse¡¡condition¡¡than¡¡himself£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£
6¡£¡¡In¡¡what¡¡Manner¡¡the¡¡Laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡Frugality¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Democracy¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡in¡¡a¡¡well¡regulated¡¡democracy¡¡that¡¡the¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡land¡¡be¡¡equal£»¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡also¡¡to¡¡be¡¡small£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡customary¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Romans¡£¡¡¡¨God¡¡forbid£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡Curius¡¡to¡¡his¡¡soldiers£»£§13£§¡¡¡¨that¡¡a¡¡citizen¡¡should¡¡look¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡as¡¡a¡¡small¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡land¡¡which¡¡is¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡him¡£¡¨
As¡¡equality¡¡of¡¡fortunes¡¡supports¡¡frugality£»¡¡so¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡maintains¡¡the¡¡former¡£¡¡These¡¡things£»¡¡though¡¡in¡¡themselves¡¡different£»¡¡are¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡nature¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡subsist¡¡separately£»¡¡they¡¡reciprocally¡¡act¡¡upon¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡if¡¡one¡¡withdraws¡¡itself¡¡from¡¡a¡¡democracy£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡surely¡¡follows¡¡it¡£
True¡¡is¡¡it¡¡that¡¡when¡¡a¡¡democracy¡¡is¡¡founded¡¡on¡¡commerce£»¡¡private¡¡people¡¡may¡¡acquire¡¡vast¡¡riches¡¡without¡¡a¡¡corruption¡¡of¡¡morals¡£
This¡¡is¡¡because¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡commerce¡¡is¡¡naturally¡¡attended¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡frugality£»¡¡economy£»¡¡moderation£»¡¡labour£»¡¡prudence£»¡¡tranquillity£»¡¡order£»¡¡and¡¡rule¡£¡¡So¡¡long¡¡as¡¡this¡¡spirit¡¡subsists£»¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡it¡¡produces¡¡have¡¡no¡¡bad¡¡effect¡£¡¡The¡¡mischief¡¡is£»¡¡when¡¡excessive¡¡wealth¡¡destroys¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡commerce£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡inconveniences¡¡of¡¡inequality¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡be¡¡felt¡£
In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡support¡¡this¡¡spirit£»¡¡commerce¡¡should¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡by¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡citizens£»¡¡this¡¡should¡¡be¡¡their¡¡sole¡¡aim¡¡and¡¡study£»¡¡this¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡object¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws£º¡¡and¡¡these¡¡very¡¡laws£»¡¡by¡¡dividing¡¡the¡¡estates¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡commerce£»¡¡should¡¡set¡¡every¡¡poor¡¡citizen¡¡so¡¡far¡¡at¡¡his¡¡ease¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡work¡¡like¡¡the¡¡rest£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡wealthy¡¡citizen¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡mediocrity¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡take¡¡some¡¡pains¡¡either¡¡in¡¡preserving¡¡or¡¡acquiring¡¡a¡¡fortune¡£
It¡¡is¡¡an¡¡excellent¡¡law¡¡in¡¡a¡¡trading¡¡republic¡¡to¡¡make¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paternal¡¡estate¡¡among¡¡the¡¡children¡£¡¡The¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡is¡¡that¡¡how¡¡great¡¡soever¡¡a¡¡fortune¡¡the¡¡father¡¡has¡¡made£»¡¡his¡¡children£»¡¡being¡¡not¡¡so¡¡rich¡¡as¡¡he£»¡¡are¡¡induced¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡luxury£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡work¡¡as¡¡he¡¡has¡¡done¡£¡¡I¡¡speak¡¡here¡¡only¡¡of¡¡trading¡¡republics£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡those¡¡that¡¡have¡¡no¡¡commerce£»¡¡the¡¡legislator¡¡must¡¡pursue¡¡quite¡¡different¡¡measures¡££§14£§
In¡¡Greece¡¡there¡¡were¡¡two¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡republics£º¡¡the¡¡one¡¡military£»¡¡like¡¡Sparta£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡commercial£»¡¡as¡¡Athens¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡former£»¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡were¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡be¡¡idle£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡endeavours¡¡were¡¡used¡¡to¡¡inspire¡¡them¡¡with¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡and¡¡labour¡£¡¡Solon¡¡made¡¡idleness¡¡a¡¡crime£»¡¡and¡¡insisted¡¡that¡¡each¡¡citizen¡¡should¡¡give¡¡an¡¡account¡¡of¡¡his¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡a¡¡livelihood¡£¡¡And£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡well¡regulated¡¡democracy£»¡¡where¡¡people's¡¡expenses¡¡should¡¡extend¡¡only¡¡to¡¡what¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡every¡¡one¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡it£»¡¡for¡¡how¡¡should¡¡their¡¡wants¡¡be¡¡otherwise¡¡supplied£¿
7¡£¡¡Other¡¡Methods¡¡of¡¡favouring¡¡the¡¡Principle¡¡of¡¡Democracy¡£¡¡An¡¡equal¡¡division¡¡of¡¡lands¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡established¡¡in¡¡all¡¡democracies¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡some¡¡circumstances¡¡in¡¡which¡¡a¡¡regulation¡¡of¡¡this¡¡nature¡¡would¡¡be¡¡impracticable£»¡¡dangerous£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡subversive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitution¡£¡¡We¡¡are¡¡not¡¡always¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡proceed¡¡to¡¡extremes¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡that¡¡this¡¡division¡¡of¡¡lands£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡designed¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡people's¡¡morals£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡suit¡¡the¡¡democracy£»¡¡recourse¡¡must¡¡be¡¡had¡¡to¡¡other¡¡methods¡£
If¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡body¡¡be¡¡established¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡and¡¡pattern¡¡of¡¡manners£»¡¡a¡¡senate£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡years£»¡¡virtue£»¡¡gravity£»¡¡and¡¡eminent¡¡services¡¡procure¡¡admittance£»¡¡the¡¡senators£»¡¡by¡¡being¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡public¡¡view¡¡like¡¡the¡¡statues¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gods£»¡¡must¡¡naturally¡¡inspire¡¡every¡¡family¡¡with¡¡sentiments¡¡of¡¡virtue¡£
Above¡¡all£»¡¡this¡¡senate¡¡must¡¡steadily¡¡adhere¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡institutions£»¡¡and¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡and¡¡the¡¡magistrates¡¡never¡¡swerve¡¡from¡¡them¡£
The¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡customs¡¡is¡¡a¡¡very¡¡considerable¡¡point¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡manners¡£¡¡Since¡¡a¡¡corrupt¡¡people¡¡seldom¡¡perform¡¡any¡¡memorable¡¡actions£»¡¡seldom¡¡establish¡¡societies£»¡¡build¡¡cities£»¡¡or¡¡enact¡¡laws£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡since¡¡most¡¡institutions¡¡are¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡people¡¡whose¡¡manners¡¡are¡¡plain¡¡and¡¡simple£»¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡up¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡customs¡¡is¡¡the¡¡way¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡original¡¡purity¡¡of¡¡morals¡£
Besides£»¡¡if¡¡by¡¡some¡¡revolution¡¡the¡¡state¡¡has¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡a¡¡new¡¡form£»¡¡this¡¡seldom¡¡can¡¡be¡¡effected¡¡without¡¡infinite¡¡pains¡¡and¡¡labour£»¡¡and¡¡hardly¡¡ever¡¡by¡¡idle¡¡and¡¡debauched¡¡persons¡£¡¡Even¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡were¡¡desirous¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡relished£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡compass¡¡without¡¡good¡¡laws¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡ancient¡¡institutions¡¡generally¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡reform¡¡the¡¡people's¡¡manners£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡date¡¡to¡¡corrupt¡¡them¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡a¡¡long¡¡administration£»¡¡the¡¡descent¡¡to¡¡vice¡¡is¡¡insensible£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reascending¡¡to¡¡virtue¡¡without¡¡making¡¡the¡¡most¡¡generous¡¡efforts¡£
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Fathers¡¡at¡¡Rome¡¡had¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡life¡¡and¡¡death¡¡over¡¡their¡¡children¡££§19£§¡¡At¡¡Sparta£»¡¡every¡¡father¡¡had¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡correct¡¡another¡¡man's¡¡child¡£
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The¡¡Roman¡¡laws£»¡¡which¡¡accustomed¡¡young¡¡people¡¡to¡¡dependence£»¡¡established¡¡a¡¡long¡¡minority¡£¡¡Perhaps¡¡we¡¡are¡¡mistaken¡¡in¡¡conforming¡¡to¡¡this¡¡custom£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡necessity¡¡for¡¡so¡¡much¡¡constraint¡¡in¡¡monarchies¡£
This¡¡very¡¡subordination¡¡in¡¡a¡¡republic¡¡might¡¡make¡¡it¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡father¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡in¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡his¡¡children's¡¡fortune¡¡during¡¡life£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡the¡¡custom¡¡at¡¡Rome¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡agreeable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡monarchy¡£
8¡£¡¡In¡¡what¡¡Manner¡¡the¡¡Laws¡¡should¡¡relate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Principle¡¡of¡¡Government¡¡in¡¡an¡¡Aristocracy¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡virtuous¡¡in¡¡an¡¡aristocracy£»¡¡they¡¡enjoy¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡happiness¡¡as¡¡in¡¡a¡¡popular¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡state¡¡grows¡¡powerful¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡a¡¡great¡¡share¡¡of¡¡virtue¡¡is¡¡very¡¡rare¡¡where¡¡men's¡¡fortunes¡¡are¡¡so¡¡unequal£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡must¡¡tend¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡infuse¡¡a¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡moderation£»¡¡and¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡re¡establish¡¡that¡¡equality¡¡which¡¡was¡¡necessarily¡¡removed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡constitution¡£
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In¡¡aristocratic¡¡governments¡¡there¡¡are¡¡two¡¡principal¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡disorder£º¡¡excessive¡¡inequality¡¡between¡¡the¡¡governors¡¡and¡¡the¡¡governed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡same¡¡inequality¡¡between¡¡the¡¡different¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡that¡¡governs¡£¡¡From¡¡these¡¡two¡¡inequalities£»¡¡hatreds¡¡and¡¡jealousies¡¡arise£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡ou