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h¡¡a¡¡foreign¡¡enemy£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡authorise¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡and¡¡limited¡¡time£»¡¡to¡¡imprison¡¡suspected¡¡persons£»¡¡who¡¡in¡¡that¡¡case¡¡would¡¡lose¡¡their¡¡liberty¡¡only¡¡for¡¡a¡¡while£»¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡it¡¡for¡¡ever¡£

And¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡reasonable¡¡method¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡substituted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡tyrannical¡¡magistracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ephori£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡state¡¡inquisitors¡¡of¡¡Venice£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡also¡¡despotic¡£

As¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡of¡¡liberty£»¡¡every¡¡man¡¡who¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡a¡¡free¡¡agent¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡his¡¡own¡¡governor£»¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡should¡¡reside¡¡in¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡But¡¡since¡¡this¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡in¡¡large¡¡states£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡small¡¡ones¡¡is¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡many¡¡inconveniences£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡fit¡¡the¡¡people¡¡should¡¡transact¡¡by¡¡their¡¡representatives¡¡what¡¡they¡¡cannot¡¡transact¡¡by¡¡themselves¡£

The¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡town¡¡are¡¡much¡¡better¡¡acquainted¡¡with¡¡its¡¡wants¡¡and¡¡interests¡¡than¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡other¡¡places£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡better¡¡judges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡their¡¡neighbours¡¡than¡¡of¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡their¡¡countrymen¡£¡¡The¡¡members£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legislature¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡chosen¡¡from¡¡the¡¡general¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡proper¡¡that¡¡in¡¡every¡¡considerable¡¡place¡¡a¡¡representative¡¡should¡¡be¡¡elected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡££§8£§

The¡¡great¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡representatives¡¡is£»¡¡their¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡discussing¡¡public¡¡affairs¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡the¡¡people¡¡collectively¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡unfit£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡inconveniences¡¡of¡¡a¡¡democracy¡£

It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡at¡¡all¡¡necessary¡¡that¡¡the¡¡representatives¡¡who¡¡have¡¡received¡¡a¡¡general¡¡instruction¡¡from¡¡their¡¡constituents¡¡should¡¡wait¡¡to¡¡be¡¡directed¡¡on¡¡each¡¡particular¡¡affair£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡practised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡diets¡¡of¡¡Germany¡£¡¡True¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡by¡¡this¡¡way¡¡of¡¡proceeding¡¡the¡¡speeches¡¡of¡¡the¡¡deputies¡¡might¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡propriety¡¡be¡¡called¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡but£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡this¡¡would¡¡occasion¡¡infinite¡¡delays£»¡¡would¡¡give¡¡each¡¡deputy¡¡a¡¡power¡¡of¡¡controlling¡¡the¡¡assembly£»¡¡and£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡most¡¡urgent¡¡and¡¡pressing¡¡occasions£»¡¡the¡¡wheels¡¡of¡¡government¡¡might¡¡be¡¡stopped¡¡by¡¡the¡¡caprice¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡person¡£

When¡¡the¡¡deputies£»¡¡as¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Sidney¡¡well¡¡observes£»¡¡represent¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡people£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Holland£»¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡accountable¡¡to¡¡their¡¡constituents£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡different¡¡thing¡¡in¡¡England£»¡¡where¡¡they¡¡are¡¡deputed¡¡by¡¡boroughs¡£

All¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡several¡¡districts¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡voting¡¡at¡¡the¡¡election¡¡of¡¡a¡¡representative£»¡¡except¡¡such¡¡as¡¡are¡¡in¡¡so¡¡mean¡¡a¡¡situation¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡deemed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡no¡¡will¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡£

One¡¡great¡¡fault¡¡there¡¡was¡¡in¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡republics£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡had¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡active¡¡resolutions£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡require¡¡some¡¡execution£»¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡of¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡absolutely¡¡incapable¡£¡¡They¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡no¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡government¡¡but¡¡for¡¡the¡¡choosing¡¡of¡¡representatives£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡within¡¡their¡¡reach¡£¡¡For¡¡though¡¡few¡¡can¡¡tell¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡men's¡¡capacities£»¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡are¡¡none¡¡but¡¡are¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡knowing¡¡in¡¡general¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡person¡¡they¡¡choose¡¡is¡¡better¡¡qualified¡¡than¡¡most¡¡of¡¡his¡¡neighbours¡£

Neither¡¡ought¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡body¡¡to¡¡be¡¡chosen¡¡for¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡part¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡fit£»¡¡but¡¡for¡¡the¡¡enacting¡¡of¡¡laws£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡see¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡in¡¡being¡¡are¡¡duly¡¡executed£»¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡suited¡¡to¡¡their¡¡abilities£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡none¡¡indeed¡¡but¡¡themselves¡¡can¡¡properly¡¡perform¡£

In¡¡such¡¡a¡¡state¡¡there¡¡are¡¡always¡¡persons¡¡distinguished¡¡by¡¡their¡¡birth£»¡¡riches£»¡¡or¡¡honours£º¡¡but¡¡were¡¡they¡¡to¡¡be¡¡confounded¡¡with¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡have¡¡only¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡vote¡¡like¡¡the¡¡rest£»¡¡the¡¡common¡¡liberty¡¡would¡¡be¡¡their¡¡slavery£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have¡¡no¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡supporting¡¡it£»¡¡as¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡resolutions¡¡would¡¡be¡¡against¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡share¡¡they¡¡have£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡legislature¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proportioned¡¡to¡¡their¡¡other¡¡advantages¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡which¡¡happens¡¡only¡¡when¡¡they¡¡form¡¡a¡¡body¡¡that¡¡has¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡check¡¡the¡¡licentiousness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡people¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡oppose¡¡any¡¡encroachment¡¡of¡¡theirs¡£¡¡

The¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡committed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobles£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡each¡¡having¡¡their¡¡assemblies¡¡and¡¡deliberations¡¡apart£»¡¡each¡¡their¡¡separate¡¡views¡¡and¡¡interests¡£

Of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡powers¡¡above¡¡mentioned£»¡¡the¡¡judiciary¡¡is¡¡in¡¡some¡¡measure¡¡next¡¡to¡¡nothing£º¡¡there¡¡remain£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡only¡¡two£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡these¡¡have¡¡need¡¡of¡¡a¡¡regulating¡¡power¡¡to¡¡moderate¡¡them£»¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡is¡¡extremely¡¡proper¡¡for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£

The¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡hereditary¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place¡¡it¡¡is¡¡so¡¡in¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡next¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡interest¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡its¡¡privileges¡¡¡¡privileges¡¡that¡¡in¡¡themselves¡¡are¡¡obnoxious¡¡to¡¡popular¡¡envy£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡course¡¡in¡¡a¡¡free¡¡state¡¡are¡¡always¡¡in¡¡danger¡£

But¡¡as¡¡a¡¡hereditary¡¡power¡¡might¡¡be¡¡tempted¡¡to¡¡pursue¡¡its¡¡own¡¡particular¡¡interests£»¡¡and¡¡forget¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡proper¡¡that¡¡where¡¡a¡¡singular¡¡advantage¡¡may¡¡be¡¡gained¡¡by¡¡corrupting¡¡the¡¡nobility£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supplies£»¡¡they¡¡should¡¡have¡¡no¡¡other¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡legislation¡¡than¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡rejecting£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡that¡¡of¡¡resolving¡£

By¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡resolving¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡ordaining¡¡by¡¡their¡¡own¡¡authority£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡amending¡¡what¡¡has¡¡been¡¡ordained¡¡by¡¡others¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡rejecting¡¡I¡¡would¡¡be¡¡understood¡¡to¡¡mean¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡annulling¡¡a¡¡resolution¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡another£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tribunes¡¡at¡¡Rome¡£¡¡And¡¡though¡¡the¡¡person¡¡possessed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡privilege¡¡of¡¡rejecting¡¡may¡¡likewise¡¡have¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡approving£»¡¡yet¡¡this¡¡approbation¡¡passes¡¡for¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡declaration¡¡that¡¡he¡¡intends¡¡to¡¡make¡¡no¡¡use¡¡of¡¡his¡¡privilege¡¡of¡¡rejecting£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡that¡¡very¡¡privilege¡£

The¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡monarch£»¡¡because¡¡this¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡having¡¡need¡¡of¡¡despatch£»¡¡is¡¡better¡¡administered¡¡by¡¡one¡¡than¡¡by¡¡many£º¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡whatever¡¡depends¡¡on¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡is¡¡oftentimes¡¡better¡¡regulated¡¡by¡¡many¡¡than¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single¡¡person¡£

But¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡monarch£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡should¡¡be¡¡committed¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of¡¡persons¡¡selected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body£»¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡an¡¡end¡¡then¡¡of¡¡liberty£»¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡the¡¡two¡¡powers¡¡would¡¡be¡¡united£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡same¡¡persons¡¡would¡¡sometimes¡¡possess£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡be¡¡always¡¡able¡¡to¡¡possess£»¡¡a¡¡share¡¡in¡¡both¡£

Were¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡time¡¡without¡¡meeting£»¡¡this¡¡would¡¡likewise¡¡put¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡liberty¡£¡¡For¡¡of¡¡two¡¡things¡¡one¡¡would¡¡naturally¡¡follow£º¡¡either¡¡that¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡any¡¡legislative¡¡resolutions£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡state¡¡would¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡anarchy£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡these¡¡resolutions¡¡would¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡render¡¡it¡¡absolute¡£

It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡needless¡¡for¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡always¡¡assembled¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡be¡¡troublesome¡¡to¡¡the¡¡representatives£»¡¡and£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡would¡¡cut¡¡out¡¡too¡¡much¡¡work¡¡for¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡take¡¡off¡¡its¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡its¡¡office£»¡¡and¡¡oblige¡¡it¡¡to¡¡think¡¡only¡¡of¡¡defending¡¡its¡¡own¡¡prerogatives£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡right¡¡it¡¡has¡¡to¡¡execute¡£

Again£»¡¡were¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡to¡¡be¡¡always¡¡assembled£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡happen¡¡to¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡up¡¡only¡¡by¡¡filling¡¡the¡¡places¡¡of¡¡the¡¡deceased¡¡members¡¡with¡¡new¡¡representatives£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡that¡¡case£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡were¡¡once¡¡corrupted£»¡¡the¡¡evil¡¡would¡¡be¡¡past¡¡all¡¡remedy¡£¡¡When¡¡different¡¡legislative¡¡bodies¡¡succeed¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡actually¡¡sitting¡¡may¡¡reasonably¡¡entertain¡¡some¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡next£º¡¡but¡¡were¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡always¡¡the¡¡same¡¡body£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡upon¡¡seeing¡¡it¡¡once¡¡corrupted¡¡would¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡expect¡¡any¡¡good¡¡from¡¡its¡¡laws£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡course¡¡they¡¡would¡¡either¡¡become¡¡desperate¡¡or¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡indolence¡£

The¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡should¡¡not¡¡meet¡¡of¡¡itself¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡body¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡no¡¡will¡¡but¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡met£»¡¡and¡¡besides£»¡¡were¡¡it¡¡not¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡unanimously£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡which¡¡was¡¡really¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body£»¡¡the¡¡part¡¡assembled£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡prorogue¡¡itself£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡happen¡¡never¡¡to¡¡be¡¡prorogued£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡extremely¡¡dangerous£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡it¡¡should¡¡ever¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡encroach¡¡on¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡£¡¡Besides£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡seasons£»¡¡some¡¡more¡¡proper¡¡than¡¡others£»¡¡for¡¡assembling¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body£º¡¡it¡¡is¡¡fit£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡should¡¡regulate¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡meeting£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡duration¡¡of¡¡those¡¡assemblies£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡and¡¡exigencies¡¡of¡¡a¡¡state¡¡known¡¡to¡¡itself¡£

Were¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡not¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡restraining¡¡the¡¡encroachments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡would¡¡become¡¡despotic£»¡¡for¡¡as¡¡it¡¡might¡¡arrogate¡¡to¡¡itself¡¡what¡¡authority¡¡it¡¡pleased£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡destroy¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡powers¡£

But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡proper£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡should¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡stay¡¡the¡¡executive¡£¡¡For¡¡as¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡has¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡limits£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡useless¡¡to¡¡confine¡¡it£»¡¡besides£»¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡momentary¡¡operations¡£¡¡The¡¡power£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡tribunes¡¡was¡¡faulty£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡put¡¡a¡¡stop¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡legislation£»¡¡but¡¡likewise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡part¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡attended¡¡with¡¡infinite¡¡mischief¡£

But¡¡if¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡in¡¡a¡¡free¡¡state¡¡has¡¡no¡¡right¡¡to¡¡stay¡¡the¡¡executive£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡a¡¡right¡¡and¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡examining¡¡in¡¡what¡¡manner¡¡its¡¡laws¡¡have¡¡been¡¡executed£»¡¡an¡¡advantage¡¡which¡¡this¡¡government¡¡has¡¡over¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Crete¡¡and¡¡Sparta£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡Cosmi£§9£§¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Ephori£§10£§¡¡gave¡¡no¡¡account¡¡of¡¡their¡¡administration¡£

But¡¡whatever¡¡may¡¡be¡¡the¡¡issue¡¡of¡¡that¡¡examination£»¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡power¡¡of¡¡arraigning¡¡the¡¡person£»¡¡nor£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡the¡¡conduct£»¡¡of¡¡him¡¡who¡¡is¡¡entrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡£¡¡His¡¡person¡¡should¡¡be¡¡sacred£»¡¡because¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡good¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡from¡¡rendering¡¡themselves¡¡arbitrary£»¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡he¡¡is¡¡accused¡¡or¡¡tried¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡end¡¡of¡¡liberty¡£

In¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡state¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡a¡¡monarchy£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡republic£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡a¡¡free¡¡government¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡person¡¡entrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡cannot¡¡abuse¡¡it¡¡without¡¡bad¡¡counsellors£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡as¡¡have¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡as¡¡ministers£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡protect¡¡them¡¡as¡¡subjects£»¡¡these¡¡men¡¡may¡¡be¡¡examined¡¡and¡¡punished¡¡¡¡an¡¡advantage¡¡which¡¡this¡¡government¡¡has¡¡over¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Gnidus£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡law¡¡allowed¡¡of¡¡no¡¡such¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡calling¡¡the¡¡Amymones£§11£§¡¡to¡¡an¡¡account£»¡¡even¡¡after¡¡their¡¡administration£»£§12£§¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡people¡¡could¡¡never¡¡obtain¡¡any¡¡satisfaction¡¡for¡¡the¡¡injuries¡¡done¡¡them¡£

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