the memorabilia-第14部分

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qualifications　of　a　friend　worth　the　winning；　the　following　remarks　of
Socrates　could　not　fail；　I　think；　to　prove　instructive。＇1＇

＇1＇　Or；　〃Again；　as　to　establishing　a　test　of　character；　since　a　friend
　　　　worth　having　must　be　of　a　particular　type；　I　cannot　but　think　that
　　　　the　following　remarks　would　prove　instructive。〃

Tell　me　（said　Socrates；　addressing　Critobulus）；　supposing　we　stood　in
need　of　a　good　friend；　how　should　we　set　about　his　discovery？　We　must；
in　the　first　place；　I　suppose；　seek　out　one　who　is　master　of　his
appetites；　not　under　the　dominion；　that　is；　of　his　belly；　not　addicted
to　the　wine…cup　or　to　lechery　or　sleep　or　idleness；　since　no　one
enslaved　to　such　tyrants　could　hope　to　do　his　duty　either　by　himself
or　by　his　friends；　could　he？

Certainly　not　（Critobulus　answered）。

Soc。　Do　you　agree；　then；　that　we　must　hold　aloof　from　every　one　so
dominated？

Cri。　Most　assuredly。

Well　then　（proceeded　Socrates）；　what　shall　we　say　of　the　spendthrift
who　has　lost　his　independence　and　is　for　ever　begging　of　his
neighbours；　if　he　gets　anything　out　of　them　he　cannot　repay；　but　if　he
fails　to　get　anything；　he　hates　you　for　not　givingdo　you　not　think
that　this　man　too　would　prove　but　a　disagreeable　friend？

Cri。　Certainly。

Soc。　Then　we　must　keep　away　from　him　too？

Cri。　That　we　must。

Soc。　Well！　and　what　of　the　man　whose　strength　lies　in　monetary
transactions？＇2＇　His　one　craving　is　to　amass　money；　and　for　that
reason　he　is　an　adept　at　driving　a　hard　bargain＇3＇glad　enough　to
take　in；　but　loath　to　pay　out。

＇2＇　Or；　〃the　money…lender？　He　has　a　passion　for　big　money…bags。〃

＇3＇　Or；　〃hard　in　all　his　dealings。〃

Cri。　In　my　opinion　he　will　prove　even　a　worse　fellow　than　the　last。

Soc。　Well！　and　what　of　that　other　whose　passion　for　money…making　is　so
absorbing　that　he　has　no　leisure　for　anything　else；　save　how　he　may
add　to　his　gains？

Cri。　Hold　aloof　from　him；　say　I；　since　there　is　no　good　to　be　got　out
of　him　or　his　society。

Soc。　Well！　what　of　the　quarrelsome　and　factious　person＇4＇　whose　main
object　is　to　saddle　his　friends　with　a　host　of　enemies？

＇4＇　〃The　partisan。〃

Cri。　For　God's　sake　let　us　avoid　him　also。

Soc。　But　now　we　will　imagine　a　man　exempt　indeed　from　all　the　above
defectsa　man　who　has　no　objection　to　receive　kindnesses；　but　it
never　enters　into　his　head　to　do　a　kindness　in　return。

Cri。　There　will　be　no　good　in　him　either。　But；　Socrates；　what　kind　of
man　shall　we　endeavour　to　make　our　friend？　what　is　he　like？

Soc。　I　should　say　he　must　be　just　the　converse　of　the　above：　he　has
control　over　the　pleasures　of　the　body；　he　is　kindly　disposed；＇5＇
upright　in　all　his　dealings；＇6＇　very　zealous　is　he　not　to　be　outdone
in　kindness　by　his　benefactors；　if　only　his　friends　may　derive　some
profit　from　his　acquaintance。

＇5＇　Reading　｛eunous｝；　or　if　｛euorkos｝；　transl。　〃a　man　of　his　word。〃

＇6＇　Or；　〃easy　to　deal　with。〃

Cri。　But　how　are　we　to　test　these　qualities；　Socrates；　before
acquaintance？

Soc。　How　do　we　test　the　merits　of　a　sculptor？not　by　inferences　drawn
from　the　talk　of　the　artist　merely。　No；　we　look　to　what　he　has　already
achieved。　These　former　statues　of　his　were　nobly　executed；　and　we
trust　he　will　do　equally　well　with　the　rest。

Cri。　You　mean　that　if　we　find　a　man　whose　kindness　to　older　friends　is
established；　we　may　take　it　as　proved　that　he　will　treat　his　newer
friends　as　amiably？

Soc。　Why；　certainly；　if　I　see　a　man　who　has　shown　skill　in　the
handling　of　horses　previously；　I　argue　that　he　will　handle　others　no
less　skilfully　again。

Cri。　Good！　and　when　we　have　discovered　a　man　whose　friendship　is　worth
having；　how　ought　we　to　make　him　our　friend？

Soc。　First　we　ought　to　ascertain　the　will　of　Heaven　whether　it　be
advisable　to　make　him　our　friend。

Cri。　Well！　and　how　are　we　to　effect　the　capture　of　this　friend　of　our
choice；　whom　the　gods　approve？　will　you　tell　me　that？

Not；　in　good　sooth　（replied　Socrates）；　by　running　him　down　like　a
hare；　nor　by　decoying　him　like　a　bird；　or　by　force　like　a　wild
boar。＇7＇　To　capture　a　friend　against　his　will　is　a　toilsome　business；
and　to　bind　him　in　fetters　like　a　slave　by　no　means　easy。　Those　who
are　so　treated　are　apt　to　become　foes　instead　of　friends。＇8＇

＇7＇　Reading　｛kaproi｝；　al。　｛ekhthroi｝；　〃an　enemy。〃

＇8＇　Or；　〃Hate　rather　than　friendship　is　the　outcome　of　these　methods。〃

Cri。　But　how　convert　them　into　friends？

Soc。　There　are　certain　incantations；　we　are　told；　which　those　who　know
them　have　only　to　utter；　and　they　can　make　friends　of　whom　they　list；
and　there　are　certain　philtres　also　which　those　who　have　the　secret　of
them　may　administer　to　whom　they　like　and　win　their　love。

Cri。　From　what　source　shall　we　learn　them？

Soc。　You　need　not　go　farther　than　Homer　to　learn　that　which　the　Sirens
sang　to　Odysseus；＇9＇　the　first　words　of　which　run；　I　think；　as
follows：

　　　　Hither；　come　hither；　thou　famous　man；　Odysseus；　great　glory　of　the
　　　　Achaeans！

＇9＇　〃Od。〃　xii。　184。

Cri。　And　did　the　magic　words　of　this　spell　serve　for　all　men　alike？
Had　the　Sirens　only　to　utter　this　one　incantation；　and　was　every
listener　constrained　to　stay？

Soc。　No；　this　was　the　incantation　reserved　for　souls　athirst　for　fame；
of　virtue　emulous。

Cri。　Which　is　as　much　as　to　say；　we　must　suit　the　incantation　to　the
listener；　so　that　when　he　hears　the　words　he　shall　not　think　that　the
enchanter　is　laughing　at　him　in　his　sleeve。　I　cannot　certainly
conceive　a　method　better　calculated　to　excite　hatred　and　repulsion
than　to　go　to　some　one　who　knows　that　he　is　small　and　ugly　and　a
weakling；　and　to　breathe　in　his　ears　the　flattering　tale　that　he　is
beautiful　and　tall　and　stalwart。　But　do　you　know　any　other　love…
charms；　Socrates？

Soc。　I　cannot　say　that　I　do；　but　I　have　heard　that　Pericles＇10＇　was
skilled　in　not　a　few；　which　he　poured　into　the　ear　of　our　city　and　won
her　love。

＇10＇　See　above；　I。　ii。　40；　〃Symp。〃　viii。　39。

Cri。　And　how　did　Themistocles＇11＇　win　our　city's　love？

＇11＇　See　below；　III。　vi。　2；　IV。　ii。　2。

Soc。　Ah；　that　was　not　by　incantation　at　all。　What　he　did　was　to
encircle　our　city　with　an　amulet　of　saving　virtue。＇12＇

＇12＇　See　Herod。　vii。　143；　〃the　wooden　wall〃；　Thuc。　i。　93；　〃'the　walls'
　　　　of　Athens。〃

Cri。　You　would　imply；　Socrates；　would　you　not；　that　if　we　want　to　win
the　love　of　any　good　man　we　need　to　be　good　ourselves　in　speech　and
action？

And　did　you　imagine　（replied　Socrates）　that　it　was　possible　for　a　bad
man　to　make　good　friends？

Cri。　Why；　I　could　fancy　I　had　seen　some　sorry　speech…monger　who　was
fast　friends　with　a　great　and　noble　statesman；　or　again；　some　born
commander　and　general　who　was　boon　companion　with　fellows　quite
incapable　of　generalship。＇13＇

＇13＇　Or；　〃Why；　yes；　when　I　see　some　base　orator　fast　friends　with　a
　　　　great　leader　of　the　people；　or；　again；　some　fellow　incapable　of
　　　　generalship　a　comrade　to　the　greatest　captains　of　his　age。〃

Soc。　But　in　reference　to　the　point　we　were　discussing；　may　I　ask
whether　you　know　of　any　one　who　can　attach　a　useful　friend　to　himself
without　being　of　use　in　return？＇14＇　Can　service　ally　in　friendship
with　disservice？

＇14＇　Add；　〃Can　service　ally　in　friendship　with　disservice？　Must　there
　　　　not　be　a　reciprocity　of　service　to　make　friendship　lasting？〃

Cri。　In　good　sooth　no。　But　now；　granted　it　is　impossible　for　a　base
man　to　be　friends　with　the　beautiful　and　noble；＇14＇　I　am　concerned　at
once　to　discover　if　one　who　is　himself　of　a　beautiful　and　noble
character　can；　with　a　wave　of　the　hand；　as　it　were；　attach　himself　in
friendship　to　every　other　beautiful　and　noble　nature。

＇14＇　｛kalous　kagathous｝。

Soc。　What　perplexes　and　confounds　you；　Critobulus；　is　the　fact　that　so
often　men　of　noble　conduct；　with　souls　aloof　from　baseness；　are　not
friends　but　rather　at　strife　and　discord　with　one　another；　and　deal
more　harshly　by　one　another　than　they　would　by　the　most　good…for…
nothing　of　mankind。

Cri。　Yes；　and　this　holds　true　not　of　private　persons　only；　but　states；
the　most　eager　to　pursue　a　noble　policy　and　to　repudiate　a　base　one；
are　frequently　in　hostile　relation　to　one　another。　As　I　reason　on
these　things　my　heart　fails　me；　and　the　question；　how　friends　are　to
be　acquired；　fills　me　with　despondency。　The　bad；　as　I　see；　cannot　be
friends　with　one　another。　For　how　can　such　people；　the　ungrateful；　or
reckless；　or　covetous；　or　faithless；　or　incontinent；　adhere　together
as　friends？　Without　hesitation　I　set　down　the　bad　as　born　to　be　foes
not　friends；　and　as　bearing　the　birthmark　of　internecine　hate。　But
then　again；　as　you　suggest；　no　more　can　these　same　people　harmonise　in
friendship　with　the　good。　For　how　should　they　who　do　evil　be　friends
with　those　who　hate　all　evil…doing？　And　if；　last　of　all；　they　that
cultivate　virtue　are　torn　by　party　strife　in　their　struggle　for　the
headship　of　the　states；　envying　one　another；　hating　one　another；　who
are　left　to　be　friends？　where　shall　goodwill　and　faithfulness　be　found
among　men？

Soc。　The　fact　is　there　is　some　subtlety　in　the　texture　of　these
things。＇15＇　Seeds　of　love　are　implanted　in　man　by　nature。　Men　have
need　of　one　another；　feel　pity；　help　each　other　by　united　efforts；　and
in　recognition　of　the　fact　show　mutual　gratitude。　But　there　are　seeds
of　war　implanted　also。　The　same　objects　being　regarded　as　beautiful　or
agreeable　by　all　alike；　they　do　battle　for　their　possession；　a　spirit
of　disunion＇16＇　enters；　and　the　parties　range　themselves　in　adverse
camps。　Discord　and　anger　sound　a　note　of　war：　the　passion　of　more…
having；　staunchless　avarice；　threatens　hostility；　and　envy　is　a
hateful　fiend。＇17＇

＇15＇　i。e。　a　cunning　intertwining　of　the　threads　of　warp　and　woof。

＇16＇　Cf。　Shelley；　〃The　devil　of　disunion　in　their　souls。〃

＇17＇　The　diction　is　poetical。

But　nevertheless；　through　all　opposing　barriers　friendship　steals　her
way　and　binds　together　the　beautiful　and　good　among　mankind。＇18＇　Such
is　their　virtue　that　they　would　rather　possess　scant　means　painlessly
than　wield　an　empire　won　by　war。　In　spite　of　hunger　and　thirst　they
will　share　their　meat　and　drink　without　a　pang。　Not　bloom　of　lusty
youth；　nor　love's　delights　can　warp　their　self…control；　nor　will　they
be　tempted　to　c