the memorabilia-第6部分

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But　as　to　the　concerns　of　Aphrodite；　his　advice　was　to　hold　strongly
aloof　from　the　fascination　of　fair　forms：　once　lay　finger　on　these　and
it　is　not　easy　to　keep　a　sound　head　and　a　sober　mind。　To　take　a
particular　case。　It　was　a　mere　kiss　which；　as　he　had　heard；
Critobulus＇10＇　had　some　time　given　to　a　fair　youth；　the　son　of
Alcibiades。＇11＇　Accordingly　Critobulus　being　present；　Socrates
propounded　the　question。

＇10＇　For　Critobulus　（the　son　of　Crito）　see　〃Econ。〃　i。　1　foll。；　〃Symp。〃
　　　　i。　3　foll。

＇11＇　See　Isocr。　〃Or。〃　xvi。　Cobet　conj。　｛ton　tou　'Axiokhou　uion｝；　i。e。
　　　　Clinias。

Soc。　Tell　me；　Xenophon；　have　you　not　always　believed　Critobulus　to　be
a　man　of　sound　sense；　not　wild　and　self…willed？　Should　you　not　have
said　that　he　was　remarkable　for　his　prudence　rather　than　thoughtless
or　foolhardy？

Xen。　Certainly　that　is　what　I　should　have　said　of　him。

Soc。　Then　you　are　now　to　regard　him　as　quite　the　reversea　hot…
blooded；　reckless　libertine：　this　is　the　sort　of　man　to　throw
somersaults　into　knives；＇12＇　or　to　leap　into　the　jaws　of　fire。

＇12＇　Cf。　〃Symp。〃　ii。　10；　iv。　16。　See　Schneider　ad　loc。

Xen。　And　what　have　you　seen　him　doing；　that　you　give　him　so　bad　a
character？

Soc。　Doing？　Why；　has　not　the　fellow　dared　to　steal　a　kiss　from　the　son
of　Alcibiades；　most　fair　of　youths　and　in　the　golden　prime？

Xen。　Nay；　then；　if　that　is　the　foolhardy　adventure；　it　is　a　danger
which　I　could　well　encounter　myself。

Soc。　Pour　soul！　and　what　do　you　expect　your　fate　to　be　after　that
kiss？　Let　me　tell　you。　On　the　instant　you　will　lose　your　freedom；　the
indenture　of　your　bondage　will　be　signed；　it　will　be　yours　on
compulsion　to　spend　large　sums　on　hurtful　pleasures；　you　will　have
scarcely　a　moment's　leisure　left　for　any　noble　study；　you　will　be
driven　to　concern　yourself　most　zealously　with　things　which　no　man；
not　even　a　madman；　would　choose　to　make　an　object　of　concern。

Xen。　O　Heracles！　how　fell　a　power　to　reside　in　a　kiss！

Soc。　Does　it　surprise　you？　Do　you　not　know　that　the　tarantula；　which
is　no　bigger　than　a　threepenny　bit；＇13＇　has　only　to　touch　the　mouth
and　it　will　afflict　its　victim　with　pains　and　drive　him　out　of　his
senses。

＇13＇　Lit。　〃a　half…obol　piece。〃　For　the　｛phalaggion｝　see　Aristot。　〃H。
　　　　A。〃　ix。　39；　1。

Xen。　Yes；　but　then　the　creature　injects　something　with　its　bite。

Soc。　Ah；　fool！　and　do　you　imagine　that　these　lovely　creatures　infuse
nothing　with　their　kiss；　simply　because　you　do　not　see　the　poison？　Do
you　not　know　that　this　wild　beast　which　men　call　beauty　in　its　bloom
is　all　the　more　terrible　than　the　tarantula　in　that　the　insect　must
first　touch　its　victim；　but　this　at　a　mere　glance　of　thebeholder；
without　even　contact；　will　inject　something　into　himyards　away
which　will　make　him　man。　And　may　be　that　is　why　the　Loves　are　called
〃archers；〃　because　these　beauties　wound　so　far　off。＇14＇　But　my　advice
to　you；　Xenophon；　is；　whenever　you　catch　sight　of　one　of　these　fair
forms；　to　run　helter…skelter　for　bare　life　without　a　glance　behind；
and　to　you；　Critobulus；　I　would　say；　〃Go　abroad　for　a　year：　so　long
time　will　it　take　to　heal　you　of　this　wound。〃

＇14＇　L。　Dindorf；　etc。　regard　the　sentence　as　a　gloss。　Cf。　〃Symp。〃　iv。
　　　　26　＇｛isos　de　kai　。　。　。　entimoteron　estin｝＇。

Such　（he　said）；　in　the　affairs　of　Aphrodite；　as　in　meats　and　drinks；
should　be　the　circumspection　of　all　whose　footing　is　insecure。　At
least　they　should　confine　themselves　to　such　diet　as　the　soul　would
dispense　with；　save　for　some　necessity　of　the　body；　and　which　even　so
ought　to　set　up　no　disturbance。＇15＇　But　for　himself；　it　was　clear；　he
was　prepared　at　all　points　and　invulnerable。　He　found　less　difficulty
in　abstaining　from　beauty's　fairest　and　fullest　bloom　than　many　others
from　weeds　and　garbage。　To　sum　up：＇16＇　with　regard　to　eating　and
drinking　and　these　other　temptations　of　the　sense；　the　equipment　of
his　soul　made　him　independent；　he　could　boast　honestly　that　in　his
moderate　fashion＇17＇　his　pleasures　were　no　less　than　theirs　who　take
such　trouble　to　procure　them；　and　his　pains　far　fewer。

＇15＇　Cf。　〃Symp。〃　iv。　38。

＇16＇　L。　Dindorf　＇brackets＇　this　passage　as　spurious。

＇17＇　On　the　principle　〃enough　is　as　good　as　a　feast；〃　｛arkountos｝。


IV

A　belief　is　current；　in　accordance　with　views　maintained　concerning
Socrates　in　speech　and　writing；　and　in　either　case　conjecturally；
that；　however　powerful　he　may　have　been　in　stimulating　men　to　virtue
as　a　theorist；　he　was　incapable　of　acting　as　their　guide　himself。＇1＇
It　would　be　well　for　those　who　adopt　this　view　to　weigh　carefully　not
only　what　Socrates　effected　〃by　way　of　castigation〃　in　cross…
questioning　whose　who　conceived　themselves　to　be　possessed　of　all
knowledge；　but　also　his　everyday　conversation　with　those　who　spent
their　time　in　close　intercourse　with　himself。　Having　done　this；　let
them　decide　whether　he　was　incapable　of　making　his　companions　better。

＇1＇　Al。　〃If　any　one　believes　that　Socrates；　as　represented　in　certain
　　　　dialogues　（e。g。　of　Plato；　Antisthenes；　etc。）　of　an　imaginary
　　　　character；　was　an　adept　（｛protrepsasthai｝）　in　the　art　of
　　　　stimulating　people　to　virtue　negatively　but　scarcely　the　man　to
　　　　guide　（｛proagein｝）　his　hearers　on　the　true　path　himself。〃　Cf。
　　　　（Plat。）　〃Clitophon；〃　410　B；　Cic。　〃de　Or。〃　I。　xlvii。　204；　Plut。
　　　　〃Mor。〃　798　B。　See　Grote；　〃Plato；〃　iii。　21；　K。　Joel；　op。　cit。　p。　51
　　　　foll。；　Cf。　below；　IV。　iii。　2。

I　will　first　state　what　I　once　heard　fall　from　his　lips　in　a
discussion　with　Aristodemus；＇2＇　〃the　little；〃　as　he　was　called；　on　the
topic　of　divinity。＇3＇　Socrates　had　observed　that　Aristodemus　neither
sacrificed　nor　gave　heed　to　divination；　but　on　the　contrary　was
disposed　to　ridicule　those　who　did。

＇2＇　See　Plat。　〃Symp。〃　173　B：　〃He　was　a　little　fellow　who　never　wore
　　　　any　shoes；　Aristodemus；　of　the　deme　of　Cydathenaeum。〃Jowett。

＇3＇　Or；　〃the　divine　element。〃

So　tell　me；　Aristodemus　（he　begain）；　are　there　any　human　beings　who
have　won　your　admiration　for　their　wisdom？

Ar。　There　are。

Soc。　Would　you　mention　to　us　their　names？

Ar。　In　the　writings　of　epic　poetry　I　have　the　greatest　admiration　for
Homer。　。　。　。　And　as　a　dithyrambic　poet　for　Melanippides。＇4＇　I　admire
also　Sophocles　as　a　tragedian；　Polycleitus　as　a　sculptor；　and　Zeuxis
as　a　painter。

＇4＇　Melanippides；　430　B。C。　See　Cobet；　〃Pros。　Xen。〃　s。n。

Soc。　Which　would　you　consider　the　more　worthy　of　admiration；　a
fashioner　of　senseless　images　devoid　of　motion　or　one　who　could
fashion　living　creatures　endowed　with　understanding　and　activity？

Ar。　Decidedly　the　latter；　provided　his　living　creatures　owed　their
birth　to　design　and　were　not　the　offspring　of　some　chance。

Soc。　But　now　if　you　had　two　sorts　of　things；　the　one　of　which　presents
no　clue　as　to　what　it　is　for；　and　the　other　is　obviously　for　some
useful　purposewhich　would　you　judge　to　be　the　result　of　chance；
which　of　design？

Ar。　Clearly　that　which　is　produced　for　some　useful　end　is　the　work　of
design。

Soc。　Does　it　not　strike　you　then　that　he　who　made　man　from　the
beginning＇5＇　did　for　some　useful　end　furnish　him　with　his　several
sensesgiving　him　eyes　to　behold　the　visible　word；　and　ears　to　catch
the　intonations　of　sound？　Or　again；　what　good　would　there　be　in　odours
if　nostrils　had　not　been　bestowed　upon　us？　what　perception　of　sweet
things　and　pungent；　and　of　all　the　pleasures　of　the　palate；　had　not　a
tongue　been　fashioned　in　us　as　an　interpreter　of　the　same？　And　besides
all　this；　do　you　not　think　this　looks　like　a　matter　of　foresight；　this
closing　of　the　delicate　orbs　of　sight　with　eyelids　as　with　folding
doors；　which；　when　there　is　need　to　use　them　for　any　purpose；　can　be
thrown　wide　open　and　firmly　closed　again　in　sleep？　and；　that　even　the
winds　of　heaven　may　not　visit　them　too　roughly；　this　planting　of　the
eyelashes　as　a　protecting　screen？＇6＇　this　coping　of　the　region　above
the　eyes　with　cornice…work　of　eyebrow　so　that　no　drop　of　sweat　fall
from　the　head　and　injure　them？　again　this　readiness　of　the　ear　to
catch　all　sounds　and　yet　not　to　be　surcharged？　this　capacity　of　the
front　teeth　of　all　animals　to　cut　and　of　the　〃grinders〃　to　receive　the
food　and　reduce　it　to　pulp？　the　position　of　the　mouth　again；　close　to
the　eyes　and　nostrils　as　a　portal　of　ingress　for　all　the　creature's
supplies？　and　lastly；　seeing　that　matter　passing　out＇7＇　of　the　body　is
unpleasant；　this　hindward　direction　of　the　passages；　and　their　removal
to　a　distance　from　the　avenues　of　sense？　I　ask　you；　when　you　see　all
these　things　constructed　with　such　show　of　foresight　can　you　doubt
whether　they　are　products　of　chance　or　intelligence？

＇5＇　Cf。　Aristot。　〃de　Part。　Animal。〃　1。　For　the　〃teleological〃　views
　　　　see　IV。　iii。　2　foll。

＇6＇　〃Like　a　sieve〃　or　〃colander。〃

＇7＇　〃That　which　goeth　out　of　a　man。〃

Ar。　To　be　sure　not！　Viewed　in　this　light　they　would　seem　to　be　the
handiwork　of　some　wise　artificer；＇8＇　full　of　love　for　all　things
living。＇9＇

＇8＇　〃Demiurge。〃

＇9＇　Passage　referred　to　by　Epictetus　ap。　Stob。　〃Flor。〃　121；　29。

Soc。　What　shall　we　say　of　this　passion　implanted　in　man　to　beget
offspring；　this　passion　in　the　mother　to　rear　her　babe；　and　in　the
creature　itself；　once　born；　this　deep　desire　of　life　and　fear　of
death？

Ar。　No　doubt　these　do　look　like　the　contrivances　of　some　one
deliberately　planning　the　existence　of　living　creatures。

Soc。　Well；　and　doubtless　you　feel　to　have　a　spark　of　wisdom　yourself？

Ar。　Put　your　questions；　and　I　will　answer。

Soc。　And　yet　you　imagine　that　elsewhere　no　spark　of　wisdom　is　to　be
found？　And　that；　too；　when　you　know　that　you　have　in　your　body　a　tiny
fragment　only　of　the　mighty　earth；　a　little　drop　of　the　great　waters；
and　of　the　other　elements；　vast　in　their　extent；　you　got；　I　presume；　a
particle　of　each　towards　the　compacting　of　your　bodily　frame？　Mind
alone；　it　would　seem；　which　is　nowhere　to　be　found；＇10＇　you　had　the
lucky　chance　to　snatch　up　and　make　off　with；　you　cannot　tell　how。　And
these　things　around　and　about　us；　enormous　in　size；　infinite　in
number；　owe　their　orderly　arrangement；　as　you　suppose；　to　some　vacuity
of　wit？

＇10＇　Cf。　Plat。　〃Phileb。〃　30　B：　〃Soc。　May　our　body　be　said　to　have　a
　　　　soul？　Pro。　Clearly。　Soc。　And　whence　comes　that　sou