history of philosophy-第30部分

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Earl　of　Essex；　the　favourite　of　Elizabeth；　through　whose　support　he；　who　as　a　younger　son　had　to
see　his　paternal　estate　pass　to　his　elder　brother；　soon　attained　to　better　circumstances；　and　was
elevated　to　a　higher　position。　Bacon；　however；　sullied　his　fame　by　the　utmost　ingratitude　and
faithlessness　towards　his　protector；　for　he　is　accused　of　having　been　prevailed　upon　by　the
enemies　of　the　Earl　after　his　fall　to　charge　him　publicly　with　High　Treason。　Under　James　I。；　the
father　of　Charles　I。；　who　was　beheaded；　a　weak　man；　to　whom　he　recommended　himself　by　his
work　De　augmentis　scientiarum；　he　received　the　most　honourable　offices　of　state　by　attaching
himself　to　Buckingham：　he　was　made　Keeper　of　the　Great　Seal；　Lord　Chancellor　of　England；
Baron　Verulam。　He　likewise　made　a　rich　marriage；　though　he　soon　squandered　all　his　means；　and
high　though　his　position　was；　he　stooped　to　intrigues　and　was　guilty　of　accepting　bribes　in　the　most
barefaced　manner。　Thereby　he　brought　upon　himself　the　ill…will　both　of　people　and　of　nobles；　so
that　he　was　prosecuted；　and　his　case　was　tried　before　Parliament。　He　was　fined　L40；000；　thrown
into　the　Tower；　and　his　name　was　struck　out　of　the　list　of　peers；　during　the　trial　and　while　he　was
in　prison　he　showed　the　greatest　weakness　of　character。　He　was；　however；　liberated　from　prison；
and　his　trial　was　annulled；　owing　to　the　even　greater　hatred　of　the　king　and　his　minister
Buckingham；　under　whose　administration　Bacon　had　filled　these　offices；　and　whose　victim　he
appeared　to　have　been；　for　he　fell　earlier　than　his　comrade　Buckingham；　and　was　deserted　and
condemned　by　him。　It　was　not　so　much　his　innocence　as　the　fact　that　those　who　ruined　him　had
made　themselves　hated　to　an　equal　degree　through　their　rule；　that　caused　the　hatred　and
indignation　against　Bacon　to　be　somewhat　mitigated。　But　he　neither　recovered　his　own　sense　of
self…respect　nor　the　personal　esteem　of　others；　which　he　had　lost　through　his　former　conduct。　He
retired　into　private　life；　lived　in　poverty；　had　to　beg　sustenance　from　the　king；　occupied　himself
during　the　remainder　of　his　life　with　science　only；　and　died　in　1626。　（1）

Since　Bacon　has　ever　been　esteemed　as　the　man　who　directed　knowledge　to　its　true　source；　to
experience；　he　is；　in　fact；　the　special　leader　and　representative　of　what　is　in　England　called
Philosophy；　and　beyond　which　the　English　have　not　yet　advanced。　For　they　appear　to　constitute
that　people　in　Europe　which；　limited　to　the　understanding　of　actuality；　is　destined；　like　the　class　of
shopkeepers　and　workmen　in　the　State；　to　live　always　immersed　in　matter；　and　to　have　actuality
but　not　reason　as　object。　Bacon　won　great　praise　by　showing　how　attention　is　to　be　paid　to　the
outward　and　inward　manifestations　of　Nature；　and　the　esteem　in　which　his　name　is　thus　held　is
greater　than　can　be　ascribed　directly　to　his　merit。　It　has　become　the　universal　tendency　of　the　time
and　of　the　English　mode　of　reasoning；　to　proceed　from　facts；　and　to　judge　in　accordance　with
them。　Because　Bacon　gave　expression　to　the　tendency；　and　men　require　to　have　a　leader　and
originator　for　any　particular　manner　of　thinking；　he　is　credited　with　having　given　to　knowledge　this
impulse　towards　experimental　philosophy　generally。　But　many　cultured　men　have　spoken　and
thought　regarding　what　concerns　and　interests　mankind；　regarding　state　affairs；　mind；　heart；
external　nature；　&c。；　in　accordance　with　experience　and　in　accordance　with　a　cultured　knowledge
of　the　world。　Bacon　was　just　such　a　cultured　man　of　the　world；　who　had　seen　life　in　its　great
relations；　had　engaged　in　state　affairs；　had　dealt　practically　with　actual　life；　had　observed　men；　their
circumstances　and　relations；　and　had　worked　with　them　as　cultured；　reflecting；　and；　we　may　even
say；　philosophical　men　of　the　world。　He　thus　did　not　escape　the　corruption　of　those　who　stood　at
the　helm　of　the　state。　With　all　the　depravity　of　his　character　he　was　a　man　of　mind　and　clear
perception；　he　did　not；　however；　possess　the　power　of　reasoning　through　thoughts　and　notions
that　are　universal。　We　do　not　find　in　him　a　methodical　or　scientific　manner　of　regarding　things；　but
only　the　external　reasoning　of　a　man　of　the　world。　Knowledge　of　the　world　he　possessed　in　the
highest　degree：　“rich　imagination；　powerful　wit；　and　the　penetrating　wisdom　which　he　displays
upon　that　most　interesting　of　all　subjects；　commonly　called　the　world。　This　last　appears　to　us　to
have　been　the　characteristical　quality　of　Bacon’s　genius。　。　。　It　was　men　rather　than　things　that　he
had　studied；　the　mistakes　of　philosophers　rather　than　the　errors　of　philosophy。　In　fact　he　was　no
lover　of　abstract　reasoning；”　and　although　it　pertains　to　philosophy；　we　find　as　little　as　possible　of
it　in　him。　“His　writings　are　indeed　full　of　refined　and　most　acute　observations；　but　it　seldom　requires
any　effort　on　our　part　to　apprehend　their　wisdom。”　Hence　mottoes　are　often　derived　from　him。
“His　judgments；”　however；　“are　commonly　given　ex　cathedra；　or；　if　he　endeavours　to　elucidate
them；　it　is　by　similes　and　illustrations　and　pointed　animadversions　more　than　by　direct　and
appropriate　arguments。　General　reasoning　is　absolutely　essential　in　philosophy；　the　want　of　it　is
marked　in　Bacon’s　writings。”　（2）　His　practical　writings　are　specially　interesting；　but　we　do　not
find　the　bright　flashes　of　genius　that　we　expected。　As　during　his　career　in　the　state　he　acted　in
accordance　with　practical　utility；　he　now；　at　its　conclusion；　likewise　applied　himself　in　a　practical
way　to　scientific　endeavours；　and　considered　and　treated　the　sciences　in　accordance　with　concrete
experience　and　investigation。　His　is　a　consideration　of　the　present；　he　makes　the　most　of；　and
ascribes　value　to　it　as　it　appears；　the　existent　is　thus　regarded　with　open　eyes；　respect　is　paid　to　it
as　to　what　reigns　preeminent；　and　this　sensuous　perception　is　reverenced　and　recognized。　Here　a
confidence　on　the　part　of　reason　in　itself　and　in　nature　is　awakened；　it　thinkingly　applies　itself　to
nature；　certain　of　finding　the　truth　in　it；　since　both　are　in　themselves　harmonious。

Bacon　likewise　treated　the　sciences　methodically；　he　did　not　merely　bring　forward　opinions　and
sentiments；　he　did　not　merely　express　himself　regarding　the　sciences　dogmatically；　as　a　fine
gentleman　might；　but　he　went　into　the　matter　closely；　and　established　a　method　in　respect　of
scientific　knowledge。　It　is　only　through　this　method　of　investigation　introduced　by　him　that　he　is
noteworthy　—　it　is　in　that　way　alone　that　he　can　be　considered　to　belong　to　the　history　of　the
sciences　and　of　philosophy。　And　through　this　principle　of　methodical　knowledge　he　has　likewise
produced　a　great　effect　upon　his　times；　by　drawing　attention　to　what　was　lacking　in　the　sciences；
both　in　their　methods　and　in　their　content。　He　set　forth　the　general　principles　of　procedure　in　an
empirical　philosophy。　The　spirit　of　the　philosophy　of　Bacon　is　to　take　experience　as　the　true　and
only　source　of　knowledge；　and　then　to　regulate　the　thought　concerning　it。　Knowledge　from
experience　stands　in　opposition　to　knowledge　arising　from　the　speculative　Notion；　and　the
opposition　is　apprehended　in　so　acute　a　manner　that　the　knowledge　proceeding　from　the　Notion　is
ashamed　of　the　knowledge　from　experience；　just　as　this　again　takes　up　a　position　of　antagonism　to
the　knowledge　through　the　Notion。　What　Cicero　says　of　Socrates　may　be　said　of　Bacon；　that　he
brought　Philosophy　down　to　the　world；　to　the　homes　and　every…day　lives　of　men　（Vol。　I。　p。　389）。
To　a　certain　extent　knowledge　from　the　absolute　Notion　may　assume　an　air　of　superiority　over　this
knowledge；　but　it　is　essential；　as　far　as　the　Idea　is　concerned；　that　the　particularity　of　the　content
should　be　developed。　The　Notion　is　an　essential　matter；　but　as　such　its　finite　side　is　just　as
essential。　Mind　gives　presence；　external　existence；　to　itself；　to　come　to　understand　this　extension；
the　world　as　it　is；　the　sensuous　universe；　to　understand　itself　as　this；　i。e。；　with　its　manifest；　sensuous
extension；　is　one　side　of　things。　The　other　side　is　the　relation　to　the　Idea。　Abstraction　in　and　for
itself　must　determine　and　particularize　itself。　The　Idea　is　concrete；　self…determining；　it　has　the
principle　of　development；　and　perfect　knowledge　is　always　developed。　A　conditional　knowledge
in　respect　of　the　Idea　merely　signifies　that　the　working　out　of　the　development　has　not　yet
advanced　very　far。　But　we　have　to　deal　with　this　development；　and　for　this　development　and
determination　of　the　particular　from　the　Idea；　so　that　the　knowledge　of　the　universe；　of　nature；　may
be　cultivated　—　for　this；　the　knowledge　of　the　particular　is　necessary。　This　particularity　must　be
worked　out　on　its　own　account；　we　must　become　acquainted　with　empirical　nature；　both　with　the
physical　and　with　the　human。　The　merit　of　modern　times　is　to　have　accomplished　or　furthered
these　ends；　it　was　in　the　highest　degree　unsatisfactory　when　the　ancients　attempted　the　work。
Empiricism　is　not　merely　an　observing；　hearing；　feeling；　etc。；　a　perception　of　the　individual；　for　it
really　sets　to　work　to　find　the　species；　the　universal；　to　discover　laws。　Now　because　it　does　this；　it
comes　within　the　territory　of　the　Notion　—　it　begets　what　pertains　to　the　region　of　the　Idea；　it　thus
prepares　the　empirical　material　for　the　Notion；　so　that　the　latter　can　then　receive　it　ready　for　its
use。　If　the　science　is　perfected　the　Idea　must　certainly　issue　forth　of　itself；　science　as　such　no
longer　commences　from　the　empiric。　But　in　order　that　this　science　may　come　into　existence；　we
must　have　the　progression　from　the　individual　and　particular　to　the　universal　—　an　activity　which　is
a　reaction　on　the　given　material　of　empiricism　in　order　to　bring　about　its　reconstruction。　The
demand　of　a　priori　knowledge；　which　seems　to　imply　that　the　Idea　should　construct　from　itself；　is
thus　a　reconstruction　only；　or　what　is　in　religion　accomplished　through　sentiment　and　feeling。
Without　the　working　out　of　the　empirical　sciences　on　their　own　account；　Philosophy　could　not
have　reached　further　than　with　the　ancients。　The　whole　of　the　Idea　in　itself　is　science　as　perfected
and　complete；　but　the　other　side　is　the