the path of empire-第23部分

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dy　ambition；　conquest；　self…aggrandizement。〃　In　August；　Andrew　Carnegie　wrote　in　〃The　North　American　Review〃　an　article　on　〃Distant　PossessionsThe　Parting　of　the　Ways。〃

Sentiment　in　favor　of　retaining　the　islands；　however；　grew　rapidly　in　volume　and　in　strength。　John　Hay　wrote　to　Andrew　Carnegie　on　the　22d　of　August：　〃I　am　not　allowed　to　say　in　my　present　fix　（ministerial　responsibility）　how　much　I　agree　with　you。　The　only　question　in　my　mind　is　how　far　it　is　now　POSSIBLE　for　us　to　withdraw　from　the　Philippines。　I　am　rather　thankful　it　is　not　given　to　me　to　solve　that　momentous　question。〃　On　the　5th　of　September；　he　wrote　to　John　Bigelow：　〃I　fear　you　are　right　about　the　Philippines；　and　I　hope　the　Lord　will　be　good　to　us　poor　devils　who　have　to　take　care　of　them。　I　marvel　at　your　suggesting　that　we　pay　for　them。　I　should　have　expected　no　less　of　your　probity；　but　how　many　except　those　educated　by　you　in　the　school　of　morals　and　diplomacy　would　agree　with　you？　Where　did　I　pass　you　on　the　road　of　life？　You　used　to　be　a　little　my　senior　＇twenty…one　years＇；　now　you　are　ages　younger　and　stronger　than　I　am。　And　yet　I　am　going　to　be　Secretary　of　State　for　a　little　while。〃

Not　all　those　who　advocated　the　retention　of　the　Philippines　did　so　reluctantly　or　under　the　pressure　of　a　feeling　of　necessity。　In　the　very　first　settlers　of　our　country；　the　missionary　impulse　beat　strong。　John　Winthrop　was　not　less　intent　than　Cromwell　on　the　conquest　of　all　humanity　by　his　own　ideals；　only　he　believed　the　most　efficacious　means　to　be　the　power　of　example　instead　of　force。　Just　now　there　was　a　renewed　sense　throughout　the　Anglo…Saxon　public　that　it　was　the　duty　of　the　civilized　to　promote　the　civilization　of　the　backward；　and　the　Cromwellian　method　waxed　in　popularity。　Kipling；　at　the　summit　of　his　influence；　appealed　to　a　wide　and　powerful　public　in　his　〃White　Man's　Burden；〃　which　appeared　in　1899。

Take　up　the　White　Man's　burden　Send　forth　the　best　ye　breed　Go　bind　your　sons　to　exile　To　serve　your　captives'　need；　To　wait　in　heavy　harness；　On　fluttered　folk　and　wild　Your　new　caught；　sullen　peoples；　Half…devil　and　half…child。

Take　up　the　White　Man's　burden　And　reap　his　old　reward　The　blame　of　those　ye　better；　The　hate　of　those　ye　guard　The　cry　of　hosts　ye　humour　（Ah；　slowly！）　towards　the　light：　Why　brought　ye　us　from　bondage；　Our　loved　Egyptian　night？

McKinley　asked　those　having　opinions　on　the　subject　of　this　burden　to　write　to　him；　and　a　strong　call　for　the　United　States　to　take　up　her　share　in　the　regeneration　of　mankind　came　from　important　representatives　of　the　religious　public。　Nor　was　the　attitude　of　those　different　who　saw　the　possibilities　of　increased　traffic　with　the　East。　The　expansion　of　the　area　of　home　distribution　seemed　a　halfway　house　between　the　purely　nationalistic　policy；　which　was　becoming　a　little　irksome；　and　the　competition　of　the　open　world。

It　was　not；　however；　the　urging　of　these　forces　alone　which　made　the　undecided　feel　that　the　annexation　of　the　Philippines　was　bound　to　come。　The　situation　itself　seemed　to　offer　no　other　solution。　Gradually　evidence　as　to　the　local　conditions　reached　America。　The　Administration　was　anxious　for　the　commissioners　to　have　the　latest　information；　and；　as　Admiral　Dewey　remained　indispensable　at　Manila；　General　Merritt　was　ordered　to　report　at　Paris；　where　he　arrived　on　the　6th　of　October。　He　was　of　the　opinion　that　the　Americans　must　remain　in　the　Philippines；　and　his　reports　were　sustained　by　a　cablegram　from　Dewey　on　the　14th　of　October　reading：　〃Spanish　authority　has　been　completely　destroyed　in　Luzon；　and　general　anarchy　prevails　without　the　limits　of　the　city　and　Bay　of　Manila。　Strongly　probable　that　islands　to　the　south　will　fall　into　the　same　state　soon。〃　The　history　of　the　previous　few　years　and　existing　conditions　made　it　highly　improbable　that　Spanish　domination　could　ever　be　restored。　The　withdrawal　of　the　United　States　would　therefore　not　mean　the　reestablishment　of　Spanish　rule　but　no　government　at　all。

As　to　the　regime　which　would　result　from　our　withdrawal；　Admiral　Dewey　judged　from　the　condition　of　those　areas　where　Spanish　authority　had　already　ceased　and　that　of　the　Americans　had　not　yet　been　established。　〃Distressing　reports；〃　he　cabled；　〃have　been　received　of　inhuman　cruelty　practised　on　religious　and　civil　authorities　in　other　parts　of　these　islands。　The　natives　appear　unable　to　govern。〃　It　was　highly　probable；　in　fact；　that　if　the　United　States　did　not　take　the　islands；　Spain　would　sell　her　vanishing　equity　in　the　property　to　some　other　power　which　possessed　the　equipment　necessary　to　conquer　the　Philippines。　To　many　this　eventuality　did　not　seem　objectionable；　as　is　indicated　by　the　remark；　already　quoted；　of　an　American　official　to　certain　Germans：　〃We　don't　want　the　Philippines；　why　don't　you　take　them？〃　That　this　attitude　was　foolishly　Quixotic　is　obvious；　but　more　effective　in　the　molding　of　public　opinion　was　the　feeling　that　it　was　cowardly。

In　such　a　changing　condition　of　public　sentiment；　McKinley　was　a　better　index　of　what　the　majority　wanted　than　a　referendum　could　have　been。　In　August　he　stated：　〃I　do　not　want　any　ambiguity　to　be　allowed　to　remain　on　this　point。　The　negotiators　of　both　countries　are　the　ones　who　shall　resolve　upon　the　permanent　advantages　which　we　shall　ask　in　the　archipelago；　and　decide　upon　the　intervention；　disposition；　and　government　of　the　Philippines。〃　His　instructions　to　the　commissioners　actually　went　farther：

〃Avowing　unreservedly　the　purpose　which　has　animated　all　our　effort；　and　still　solicitous　to　adhere　to　it；　we　cannot　be　unmindful　that；　without　any　desire　or　design　on　our　part；　the　war　has　brought　us　new　duties　and　responsibilities　which　we　must　meet　and　discharge　as　becomes　a　great　nation　on　whose　growth　and　career　from　the　beginning　the　Ruler　of　Nations　has　plainly　written　the　high　command　and　pledge　of　civilization。

〃Incidental　to　our　tenure　in　the　Philippines　is　the　commercial　opportunity　to　which　American　statesmanship　cannot　be　indifferent。。。。　Asking　only　the　open　door　for　ourselves；　we　are　ready　to　accord　the　open　door　to　others。

〃In　view　of　what　has　been　stated；　the　United　States　cannot　accept　less　than　the　cession　in　full　rights　and　sovereignty　of　the　island　of　Luzon。〃

The　American　commissioners　were　divided。　Day　favored　the　limited　terms　of　the　instructions；　Davis；　Frye；　and　Reid　wished　the　whole　group　of　the　Philippines；　Gray　emphatically　protested　against　taking　any　part　of　the　islands。　On　the　26th　of　October；　Hay　telegraphed　that　the　President　had　decided　that　〃the　cession　must　be　of　the　whole　Archipelago　or　none。〃　The　Spanish　commissioners　objected　strongly　to　this　new　development；　and　threatened　to　break　off　the　negotiations　which　otherwise　were　practically　concluded。　This　outcome　would　have　put　the　United　States　in　the　unfortunate　position　of　continuing　a　war　which　it　had　begun　in　the　interests　of　Cuba　for　the　quite　different　purpose　of　securing　possession　of　the　Philippines。　The　Spanish　were　probably　not　without　hopes　that　under　these　changed　conditions　they　might　be　able　to　bring　to　their　active　assistance　that　latent　sympathy　for　them　which　existed　so　strongly　in　Europe。　Nor　was　the　basis　of　the　claim　of　the　United　States　entirely　clear。　On　the　3d　of　November　the　American　commissioners　cabled　to　the　President　that　they　were　convinced　that　the　occupation　of　Manila　did　not　constitute　a　conquest　of　the　islands　as　a　whole。

By　this　time；　however；　the　President　had　decided　that　the　United　States　must　have　the　islands。　On　the　13th　of　November；　Hay　telegraphed　that　the　United　States　was　entitled　to　an　indemnity　for　the　cost　of　the　war。　This　argument　was　not　put　forward　because　the　United　States　wished　indemnity　but　to　give　a　technical　basis　for　the　American　claim　to　the　Philippines。　In　the　same　cablegram；　Hay　instructed　the　commissioners　to　offer　Spain　ten　or　twenty　millions　for　all　the　islands。　Upon　this　financial　basis　the　treaty　was　finally　concluded；　it　was　signed　on　December　10；　1898；　and　ratifications　were　exchanged　on　April　11；　1899。

The　terms　of　the　treaty　provided；　first；　for　the　relinquishment　of　sovereignty　over　Cuba　by　Spain。　The　island　was　to　be　occupied　by　the　United　States；　in　whose　hands　its　subsequent　disposition　was　left。　All　other　Spanish　islands　in　the　West　Indies；　together　with　Guam　in　the　Ladrones；　were　ceded　to　the　United　States。　The　whole　archipelago　of　the　Philippines；　with　water　boundaries　carefully　but　not　quite　accurately　drawn；　was　ceded　to　the　United　States；　which　by　the　same　article　agreed　to　pay　Spain　20；000；000。　All　claims　for　indemnity　or　damages　between　the　two　nations；　or　either　nation　and　the　citizens　of　the　other；　were　mutually　relinquished；　the　United　States　assuming　the　adjudication　and　settlement　of　all　claims　of　her　own　citizens　against　Spain。

This　treaty；　even　more　than　the　act　of　war；　marked　a　turning　point　in　the　relation　of　the　United　States　to　the　outside　world。　So　violent　was　the　opposition　of　those　who　disapproved；　and　so　great　the　reluctance　of　even　the　majority　of　those　who　approved；　to　acknowledge　that　the　United　States　had　emerged　from　the　isolated　path　which　it　had　been　treading　since　1823；　that　every　effort　was　made　to　minimize　the　significance　of　the　beginning　of　a　new　era　in　American　history。　It　was　argued　by　those　delving　into　the　past　that　the　Philippines　actually　belonged　to　the　Western　Hemisphere　because　the　famous　demarcation　line　drawn　by　Pope　Alexander　VI；　in　1493；　ran　to　the　west　of　them；　it　was；　indeed；　partly　in　consequence　of　that　line　that　Spain　had　possessed　the　islands。　Before　Spain　lost　Mexico　her　Philippine　trade　had　actually　passed　across　the　Pacific；　through　the　Mexican　port　of　Acapulco；　and　across　the　Atlantic。　Yet　these　interesting　historical　facts　were　scarcely　related　in　the　mind　of　the　public　to　the　more　immediate　and　tangible　fact　that　the　annexation　of　the　Philippines　gave　the　United　States　a　far…flung　territory　situated　just　where　all　the　powerful　nations　of　the　world　were　then　centering　their　interest。

In　opposition　to　those　who　disapproved　of　this　extension　of　territory；　it　was　argued　more　cogently　that；　in　spite　of　the　prevailing　belief　of　the　thirty　preceding　years；　the　United　States　had　always