the path of empire-第24部分

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In　opposition　to　those　who　disapproved　of　this　extension　of　territory；　it　was　argued　more　cogently　that；　in　spite　of　the　prevailing　belief　of　the　thirty　preceding　years；　the　United　States　had　always　been　an　expanding　power；　stretching　its　authority　over　new　areas　with　a　persistency　and　rapidity　hardly　equaled　by　any　other　nation；　and　that　this　latest　step　was　but　a　new　stride　in　the　natural　expansion　of　the　United　States。　But　here　again　the　similarity　between　the　former　and　the　most　recent　steps　was　more　apparent　than　real。　Louisiana；　Florida；　Texas；　California；　and　Oregon；　had　all　been　parts　of　an　obvious　geographical　whole。　Alaska；　indeed；　was　detached；　but　its　acquisition　had　been　partly　accidental；　and　it　was　at　least　a　part　of　the　American　continent　and　would；　in　the　opinion　of　many；　eventually　become　contiguous　by　the　probable　annexation　of　Canada。　Moreover；　none　of　the　areas　so　far　occupied　by　the　United　States　had　been　really　populated。　It　had　been　a　logical　expectation　that　American　people　would　soon　overflow　these　acquired　lands　and　assimilate　the　inhabitants。　In　the　case　of　the　Philippines；　on　the　other　hand；　it　was　fully　recognized　that　Americans　could　at　most　be　only　a　small　governing　class；　and　that　even　Porto　Rico；　accessible　as　it　was；　would　prove　too　thickly　settled　to　give　hopes　of　Americanization。

The　terms　of　the　treaty　with　Spain；　indeed；　recognized　these　differences。　In　all　previous　instances；　except　Alaska；　the　added　territory　had　been　incorporated　into　the　body　of　the　United　States　with　the　expectation；　now　realized　except　in　Hawaii；　of　reaching　the　position　of　self…governing　and　participating　States　of　the　Union。　Even　in　the　case　of　Alaska　it　had　been　provided　that　all　inhabitants　remaining　in　residence；　except　uncivilized　Indians；　should　become　citizens　of　the　United　States。　In　the　case　of　these　new　annexations　resulting　from　the　war　with　Spain；　provision　was　made　only　for　the　religious　freedom　of　the　inhabitants。　〃The　civil　rights　and　political　status　of　the　native　inhabitants　of　the　territories　hereby　ceded　to　the　United　States　shall　be　determined　by　the　Congress。〃　There　could　therefore　be　no　doubt　that　for　the　first　time　the　United　States　had　acquired　colonies　and　that　the　question　whether　they　should　develop　into　integral　parts　of　the　country　or　into　dependencies　of　an　imperialistic　republic　was　left　to　the　future　to　decide。

It　was　but　natural　that　such　striking　events　and　important　decisions　should　loom　large　as　factors　in　the　following　presidential　campaign。　The　Republicans　endorsed　the　Administration；　emphatically　stated　that　the　independence　and　self…government　of　Cuba　must　be　secured；　and；　with　reference　to　the　other　islands；　declared　that　〃the　largest　measure　of　self…government　consistent　with　their　welfare　and　our　duties　shall　be　secured　to　them　by　law。〃　The　Democrats　asserted　that　〃no　nation　can　long　endure　half　republic　and　half　empire；〃　and　favored　〃an　immediate　declaration　of　the　Nation's　purpose　to　give　the　Filipinos；　first；　a　stable　form　of　government；　second；　independence；　and　third；　protection　from　outside　interference　such　as　has　been　given　for　nearly　a　century　to　the　republics　of　Central　and　South　America。〃　The　Democrats　were　at　a　disadvantage　owing　to　the　fact　that；　since　so　much　had　been　irrevocably　accomplished；　they　could　not　raise　the　whole　issue　of　colonial　expansion　but　only　advocate　a　different　policy　for　the　handling　of　what　seemed　to　most　people　to　be　details。　The　distrust　which　their　financial　program　of　1896　had　excited；　moreover；　still　hung　over　them　and　repelled　many　voters　who　might　have　supported　them　on　questions　of　foreign　and　colonial　policies。　Nevertheless　the　reflection　of　President　McKinley　by　a　greatly　increased　majority　must　be　taken　as　indicating　that　the　American　people　generally　approved　of　his　policies　and　accepted　the　momentous　changes　which　had　been　brought　about　by　the　successful　conclusion　of　the　war　with　Spain。



CHAPTER　XIII。　A　Peace　Which　Meant　War

In　a　large　way；　ever　since　the　Spanish　War；　the　United　States　has　been　adjusting　its　policy　to　the　world　conditions　of　which　that　struggle　first　made　the　people　aware。　The　period　between　1898　and　1917　will　doubtless　be　regarded　by　the　historian　a　hundred　years　from　now　as　a　time　of　transition　similar　to　that　between　1815　and　1829。　In　that　earlier　period　John　Marshall　and　John　Quincy　Adams　did　much　by　their　wisdom　and　judgment　to　preserve　what　was　of　value　in　the　old　regime　for　use　in　the　new。　In　the　later　period　John　Hay　performed；　though　far　less　completely；　a　somewhat　similar　function。

John　Hay　had　an　acquaintance　with　the　best　traditions　of　American　statesmanship　which　falls　to　the　lot　of　few　men。　He　was　private　secretary　to　Lincoln　during　the　Civil　War；　he　had　as　his　most　intimate　friend　in　later　life　Henry　Adams；　the　historian；　who　lived　immersed　in　the　memories　and　traditions　of　a　family　which　has　taken　a　distinguished　part　in　the　Government　of　the　United　States　from　its　beginning。　Possessed　of　an　ample　fortune；　Hay　had　lived　much　abroad　and　in　the　society　of　the　men　who　governed　Europe。　He　was　experienced　in　newspaper　work　and　in　diplomacy；　and　he　came　to　be　Secretary　of　State　fresh　from　a　residence　in　England　where　as　Ambassador　he　had　enjoyed　wide　popularity。　With　a　lively　wit　and　an　engaging　charm　of　manner；　he　combined　a　knowledge　of　international　law　and　of　history　which　few　of　our　Secretaries　have　possessed。　Moreover　he　knew　men　and　how　to　handle　them。　Until　the　death　of　McKinley　in　1901　he　was　left　almost　free　in　the　administration　of　his　office。　He　once　said　that　the　President　spoke　to　him　of　his　office　scarcely　once　a　month。　In　the　years　from　1901　to　1905　he　worked　under　very　different　conditions；　for　President　Roosevelt　discussed　affairs　of　state　with　him　daily　and　took　some　matters　entirely　into　his　own　hands。

Hay　found　somewhat　better　instruments　to　work　with　than　most　Americans　were　inclined　to　believe　probable。　It　is　true　that　the　American　diplomatic　service　abroad　has　not　always　reflected　credit　upon　the　country。　It　has　contained　extremely　able　and　distinguished　men　but　also　many　who　have　been　stupid；　ignorant；　and　ill…mannered。　The　State　Department　in　Washington；　however；　has　almost　escaped　the　vicissitudes　of　politics　and　has　been　graced　by　the　long　and　disinterested　service　of　competent　officials。　From　1897　to　1913；　moreover；　the　service　abroad　was　built　up　on　the　basis　of　continuity　and　promotion。

One　sign　of　a　new　epoch　was　the　changed　attitude　of　the　American　public　toward　annexation。　While　the　war　was　in　progress　the　United　States　yielded　to　the　desires　of　Hawaii；　and　annexed　the　islands　as　a　part　of　the　United　States；　with　the　hope　of　their　eventual　statehood。　In　1899　the　United　States　consented　to　change　the　cumbrous　and　unsuccessful　arrangement　by　which；　in　partnership　with　Great　Britain　and　Germany；　it　had　supervised　the　native　government　of　Samoa。　No　longer　unwilling　to　acquire　distant　territories；　the　United　States　took　in　full　possession　the　island　of　Tutuila；　with　its　harbor　of　Pago　Pago；　and　consented　to　Germany's　taking　the　remainder　of　the　islands；　while　Great　Britain　received　compensation　elsewhere。　In　1900　the　Government　paid　over　to　Spain　100；000　for　Sibutu　and　Cagayan　Sulu；　two　islands　really　belonging　to　the　Philippines　but　overlooked　in　the　treaty。　Proud　of　the　navy　and　with　a　new　recognition　of　its　necessities；　the　United　States　sought　naval　stations　in　those　areas　where　the　fleet　might　have　to　operate。　In　the　Pacific　the　Government　obtained　Midway　and　Wake　islands　in　1900。　In　the　West　Indies；　the　harbor　of　Guantanamo　was　secured　from　Cuba；　and　in　1903　a　treaty　was　made　with　Denmark　for　the　purchase　of　her　islandswhich；　however；　finally　became　American　possessions　only　in　1917。

By　her　policy　toward　Cuba；　the　United　States　gave　the　world　a　striking　example　of　observing　the　plighted　word　even　when　contrary　to　the　national　interest。　For　a　century　the　United　States　had　expected　to　acquire　the　〃Pearl　of　the　Antilles。〃　Spain　in　the　treaty　of　peace　refused　to　recognize　the　Cuban　Government　and　relinquished　the　island　into　the　hands　of　the　United　States。　The　withdrawal　of　the　Spanish　troops　left　the　Cuban　Government　utterly　unable　to　govern；　and　the　United　States　was　forced　to　occupy　the　island。　Nevertheless　the　Government　had　begun　the　war　with　a　recognition　of　Cuban　independence　and　to　that　declaration　it　adhered。　The　country　gave　the　best　of　its　talent　to　make　the　islands　self…governing　as　quickly　as　possible。　Harvard　University　invited　Cuban　teachers　to　be　its　guests　at　a　summer　session。　American　medical　men　labored　with　a　martyr's　devotion　to　stamp　out　disease。　General　Wood；　as　military　governor；　established　order　and　justice　and　presided　over　the　evolution　of　a　convention　assembled　to　draft　a　constitution　for　the　people　of　Cuba　and　to　determine　the　relations　of　the　United　States　and　Cuba。　These　relations；　indeed；　were　already　under　consideration　at　Washington　and　were　subsequently　embodied　in　the　Platt　Amendment。*　This　measure　directed　the　President　to　leave　the　control　of　Cuba　to　the　people　of　the　island　as　soon　as　they　should　agree　to　its　terms。　It　also　required　that　the　Government　of　Cuba　should　never　allow　a　foreign　power　to　impair　its　independence；　that　it　would　contract　no　debt　for　which　it　could　not　provide　a　sinking　fund　from　the　ordinary　revenue；　that　it　would　grant　to　the　United　States　〃lands　necessary　for　coaling　or　naval　stations〃；　that　it　would　provide　for　the　sanitation　of　its　cities；　and　that　the　United　States　should　have　the　right　to　intervene；　〃for　the　preservation　of　Cuban　independence；　the　maintenance　of　a　government　adequate　for　the　protection　of　life；　property；　and　individual　liberty；　and　for　discharging〃　certain　obligations　with　respect　to　Spanish　subjects　which　the　United　States　had　assumed　in　the　treaty　signed　at　Paris。　After　some　hesitation　the　convention　added　these　provisions　to　the　new　constitution　of　Cuba。　On　May　20；　1902；　the　American　troops　withdrew；　leaving　Cuba　in　better　condition　than　she　had　ever　been　before。　Subsequently　the　United　States　was　forced　to　intervene　to　preserve　order；　but；　though　the　temptation　was　strong　to　remain；　the　American　troops　again　withdrew　after　they　had　done　their　constructive　work。　The