the path of empire-第26部分

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e　of　the　United　States　would　never　consent　to　maintain。　The　second　unknown　quantity　was　the　American　people　themselves。　Would　they　sustain　the　occupation　sufficiently　long　to　give　a　reasonable　test　of　the　possibilities　of　success？

Two　events　brought　these　uncertainties　to　an　end。　In　the　first　place；　William　Jennings　Bryan　was　defeated　for　the　presidency　in　November；　1900；　and　President　McKinley　was　given　four　more　years　in　which　to　complete　the　experiment。　In　the　second　place；　on　March　23；　1901；　Aguinaldo；　who　had　been　long　in　concealment；　was　captured。　Though　there　had　long　been　no　possibility　of　really　commanding　the　insurgent　forces　as　a　whole；　Aguinaldo　had　remained　the　center　of　revolt　and　occasionally　showed　his　hand；　as　in　the　attempt　to　negotiate　a　peace　on　the　basis　of　independence。　In　February　an　intercepted　letter　had　given　a　clue　to　his　hiding　place。　Funston；　in　spite　of　his　new　rank；　determined　personally　to　undertake　the　capture。　The　signature　of　Lacuna；　one　of　the　insurgent　leaders；　was　forged　and　letters　were　sent　to　Aguinaldo　informing　him　of　the　capture　of　five　Americans；　who　were　being　sent　to　headquarters。　Among　the　five　was　Funston　himself。　The　〃insurgent〃　guard；　clad　in　captured　uniforms；　consisted　for　the　most　part　of　Macabebes；　hereditary　enemies　of　the　Tagalogsfor　the　Americans　had　now　learned　the　Roman　trick　of　using　one　people　against　another。　The　ruse　succeeded　perfectly。　The　guard　and　its　supposed　prisoners　were　joyfully　received　by　Aguinaldo；　but　the　tables　were　quickly　turned　and　Aguinaldo's　capture　was　promptly　effected。

On　the　19th　of　April；　Aguinaldo　wrote：　〃After　mature　deliberation；　I　resolutely　proclaim　to　the　world　that　I　cannot　refuse　to　heed　the　voice　of　a　people　longing　for　peace；　nor　the　lamentations　of　thousands　of　families　yearning　to　see　their　dear　ones　enjoying　the　liberty　and　promised　generosity　of　the　great　American　nation。　By　acknowledging　and　accepting　the　sovereignty　of　the　United　States　throughout　the　Philippine　Archipelago；　as　I　now　do；　and　without　any　reservation　whatsoever；　I　believe　that　I　am　serving　thee；　my　beloved　country。〃

On　the　19th　of　May；　General　Wheaton；　Chief　of　Staff　in　the　Philippines；　sent　the　following　dispatch　to　Washington：　〃Lacuna　having　surrendered　with　all　his　officers　and　men　today；　I　report　that　all　insurrectionary　leaders　in　this　department　have　been　captured　or　have　surrendered。　This　is　the　termination　of　the　state　of　war　in　this　department　so　far　as　armed　resistance　to　the　authority　of　the　United　States　is　concerned。〃

There　was　subsequent　fighting　with　other　tribes　and　in　other　islands；　particularly　with　the　Moros　of　the　Sulu　group；　but　by　the　time　Aguinaldo　had　accepted　American　rule；　the　uncertainty　of　the　American　people　had　been　resolved；　and　the　execution　of　the　treaty　with　Spain　had　been　actually　accomplished。　As　seventy　thousand　troops　were　no　longer　needed　in　the　islands；　the　volunteers　and　many　of　the　regulars　were　sent　home；　and　there　began　an　era　of　peace　such　as　the　Philippines　had　never　before　known。

During　the　suppression　of　the　insurrection　the　American　Army　had　resorted　to　severe　measures；　though　they　by　no　means　went　to　the　extremes　that　were　reported　in　the　press。　It　was　realized；　however；　that　the　establishment　of　a　permanent　peace　must　rest　upon　an　appeal　to　the　good　will　and　self…interest　of　the　natives。　The　treatment　of　the　conquered　territories；　therefore；　was　a　matter　of　the　highest　concern　not　only　with　reference　to　the　public　opinion　at　home　but　to　the　lasting　success　of　the　military　operations　which　had　just　been　concluded。

There　was　as　yet　no　law　in　the　United　States　relating　to　the　government　of　dependencies。　The　entire　control　of　the　islands　therefore　rested；　in　the　first　instance；　with　the　President　and　was　vested　by　him；　subject　to　instructions；　in　the　Military　Governor。　The　army　fortunately　reflected　fully　the　democratic　tendencies　of　the　United　States　as　a　whole。　In　June；　1899；　General　Lawton　encouraged　and　assisted　the　natives　in　setting　up　in　their　villages　governing　bodies　of　their　own　selection。　In　August；　he　issued　a　general　order；　based　upon　a　law　of　the　islands；　providing　for　a　general　system　of　local　government　into　which　there　was　introduced　for　the　first　time　the　element　of　really　popular　election。　In　1900；　a　new　code　of　criminal　procedure；　largely　the　work　of　Enoch　Herbert　Crowder；　at　that　time　Military　Secretary；　was　promulgated；　which　surrounded　the　accused　with　practically　all　the　safeguards　to　which　the　Anglo…Saxon　is　accustomed　except　jury　trial；　for　which　the　people　were　unprepared。

To　advise　with　regard　to　a　permanent　system　of　government　for　the　Philippines　President　McKinley　appointed　in　January；　1899；　a　commission　consisting　of　Jacob　G。　Schurman；　President　of　Cornell　University；　Dean　C。　Worcester；　who　had　long　been　engaged　in　scientific　research　in　the　Philippines；　Colonel　Charles　Denby；　for　many　years　previously　minister　to　China；　Admiral　Dewey；　and　General　E。　S。　Otis。　Largely　upon　their　recommendation；　the　President　appointed　a　second　commission；　headed　by　Judge　William　Howard　Taft　to　carry　on　the　work　of　organizing　civil　government　which　had　already　begun　under　military　direction　and　gradually　to　take　over　the　legislative　power。　The　Military　Governor　was　to　continue　to　exercise　executive　power。　In　1901；　Congress　at　length　took　action；　vesting　all　military；　civil；　and　judicial　powers　in　such　persons　as　the　President　might　appoint　to　govern　the　islands。　McKinley　immediately　appointed　Judge　Taft　to　the　new　governorship　thus　authorized。　In　1901　in　the　〃Insular　Cases〃　the　Supreme　Court　also　gave　its　sanction　to　what　had　been　done。　In　legislation　for　the　territories；　it　held　that　Congress　was　not　bound　by　all　the　restrictions　of　the　Constitution；　as；　for　instance；　that　requiring　jury　trial；　that　Porto　Rico　and　the　Philippines　were　neither　foreign　countries　nor　completely　parts　of　the　United　States；　though　Congress　was　at　liberty　to　incorporate　them　into　the　Union。

There　was；　however；　no　disposition　to　incorporate　the　Philippines　into　the　United　States；　but　there　has　always　been　a　widespread　sentiment　that　the　islands　should　ultimately　be　given　their　independence；　and　this　sentiment　has　largely　governed　the　American　attitude　toward　them。　A　native　Legislature　was　established　in　1907　under　Governor　Taft；*　and　under　the　Wilson　Administration　the　process　toward　independence　has　been　accelerated；　and　dates　begin　to　be　considered。　The　process　of　preparation　for　independence　has　been　threefold：　the　development　of　the　physical　well…being　of　the　islands；　the　education　of　the　islanders；　and　the　gradual　introduction　of　the　latter　into　responsible　positions　of　government。　With　little　of　the　encouragement　which　might　have　come　from　appreciative　interest　at　home；　thousands　of　Americans　have　now　labored　in　the　Philippines　for　almost　twenty　years；　but　with　little　disposition　to　settle　there　permanently。　Their　efforts　to　develop　the　Filipinos　have　achieved　remarkable　success。　It　has　of　late　been　found　possible　to　turn　over　such　a　large　proportion　of　the　governmental　work　to　the　natives　that　the　number　of　Americans　in　the　islands　is　steadily　diminishing。　The　outbreak　of　the　war　with　Germany　found　the　natives　loyal　to　American　interests　and　even　saw　a　son　of　Aguinaldo　taking　service　under　the　Stars　and　Stripes。　Such　a　tribute；　like　the　services　of　Generals　Smuts　and　Botha　to　Great　Britain；　compensates　for　the　friction　and　noise　with　which　democracy　works　and　is　the　kind　of　triumph　which　carries　reassurance　of　its　ultimate　efficiency　and　justice。

*　By　the　Act　of　July　1；　1902；　the　Legislature　was　to　consist　of　two　houses；　the　Commission　acting　as　an　upper　house　and　an　elective　assembly　constituting　a　lower　house。　The　Legislature　at　its　first　session　was　to　elect　two　delegates　who　were　to　sit；　without　the　right　to　vote；　in　the　House　of　Representatives　at　Washington。　An　Act　of　August　29；　1916；　substituted　an　elective　Senate　for　the　Philippine　Commission　as　the　upper　house　of　the　Legislature。



CHAPTER　XIV。　The　Open　Door

The　United　States　arrived　in　the　Orient　at　a　moment　of　high　excitement。　Russia　was　consolidating　the　advance　of　two　centuries　by　the　building　of　the　trans…Siberian　railroad；　and　was　looking　eagerly　for　a　port　in　the　sun；　to　supplement　winter…bound　Vladivostok。　Great　Britain　still　regarded　Russia　as　the　great　enemy　and；　pursuing　her　policy　of　placing　buffer　states　between　her　territories　and　her　enemies；　was　keenly　interested　in　preventing　any　encroachment　southward　which　might　bring　the　Russian　bear　nearer　India。　France；　Russia's　ally；　possessed　IndoChina；　which　was　growing　at　the　expense　of　Siam　and　which　might　grow　northwards　into　China。　Germany　saw　in　eastern　Asia　the　richest　prize　remaining　in　the　world　not　yet　possessed　by　her　rivals；　and　it　was　for　this　that　she　was　seeking　power　in　the　Pacific。　Having　missed　the　Philippines；　she　quickly　secured　Samoa　and　purchased　from　Spain　the　Caroline　Islands；　east　of　the　Philippines；　and　all　that　the　United　States　had　not　taken　of　Spain's　empire　in　the　Pacific。

These　latent　rivalries　had　been　brought　into　the　open　by　the　Chino…Japanese　War　of　1894…1895；　which　showed　the　powerlessness　of　China。　The　western　world　was；　indeed；　divided　in　opinion　as　to　whether　this　colossus　of　the　East　was　essentially　rotten；　old；　decrepit；　and　ready　to　disintegrate；　or　was　merely　weak　because　of　arrested　development；　which　education　and　training　could　correct。　At　any　rate；　China　was　regarded　as　sick　and　therefore　became　for　the　moment　even　more　interesting　than　Turkey；　the　traditional　sick　man　of　Europe。　If　China　were　to　die；　her　estate　would　be　divided。　If　she　were　really　to　revitalize　her　vast　bulk　by　adapting　her　millions　to　modern　ways；　she　had　but　to　stretch　herself　and　the　toilfully　acquired　Asiatic　possessions　of　the　European　powers　would　shiver　to　pieces；　and　if　she　awoke　angry；　Europe　herself　might　well　tremble。　The　really　wise　saw　that　the　important　thing　was　to　determine　the　kind　of　education　which　China　should　receive；　and　in　solving　this　problem　the　palm　of　wisdom　must　be　given　to　the　missionaries　who　represented　the　great　Christian　societies　of　Europe　and　America。　To　small…minded　statesmen　it　seemed　that　the　situation　called　for　conquest。　No　nat