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The smallest bits of stone are sufficient; provided the sea…weeds 

have hold of them; for they have no real roots; but adhere by a 

small disc; deriving no nourishment from the rock; but only from 

the water。  Take care; meanwhile; that there be as little as 

possible on the stone; beside the weed itself。  Especially scrape 

off any small sponges; and see that no worms have made their 

twining tubes of sand among the weed…stems; if they have; drag them 

out; for they will surely die; and as surely spoil all by 

sulphuretted hydrogen; blackness; and evil smells。



Put your weeds into your tank; and settle them at the bottom; which 

last; some say; should be covered with a layer of pebbles:  but let 

the beginner leave it as bare as possible; for the pebbles only 

tempt cross…grained annelids to crawl under them; die; and spoil 

all by decaying:  whereas if the bottom of the vase is bare; you 

can see a sickly or dead inhabitant at once; and take him out 

(which you must do) instantly。  Let your weeds stand quietly in the 

vase a day or two before you put in any live animals; and even 

then; do not put any in if the water does not appear perfectly 

clear:  but lift out the weeds; and renew the water ere you replace 

them。



This is Mr。 Gosse's method。  But Mr。 Lloyd; in his 〃Handbook to the 

Crystal Palace Aquarium;〃 advises that no weed should be put into 

the tank。  〃It is better;〃 he says; 〃to depend only on those which 

gradually and naturally appear on the rocks of the aquarium by the 

action of light; and which answer every chemical purpose。〃  I 

should advise anyone intending to set up an aquarium; however 

small; to study what Mr。 Lloyd says on this matter in pp。 17…19; 

and also in page 30; of his pamphlet; and also to go to the Crystal 

Palace Aquarium; and there see for himself the many beautiful 

species of sea…weeds which have appeared spontaneously in the tanks 

from unsuspected spores floating in the sea…water。  On the other 

hand; Mr。 Lloyd lays much stress on the necessity of a塺ating the 

water; by keeping it in perpetual motion; a process not easy to be 

carried out in small aquaria; at least to that perfection which has 

been attained at the Crystal Palace; where the water is kept in 

continual circulation by steam…power。  For a jar…aquarium; it will 

be enough to drive fresh air through the water every day; by means 

of a syringe。



Now for the live stock。  In the crannies of every rock you will 

find sea…anemones (Actiniae); and a dozen of these only will be 

enough to convert your little vase into the most brilliant of 

living flower…gardens。  There they hang upon the under side of the 

ledges; apparently mere rounded lumps of jelly:  one is of dark 

purple dotted with green; another of a rich chocolate; another of a 

delicate olive; another sienna…yellow; another all but white。  Take 

them from their rock; you can do it easily by slipping under them 

your finger…nail; or the edge of a pewter spoon。  Take care to tear 

the sucking base as little as possible (though a small rent they 

will darn for themselves in a few days; easily enough; and drop 

them into a basket of wet sea…weed; when you get home turn them 

into a dish full of water and leave them for the night; and go to 

look at them to…morrow。  What a change!  The dull lumps of jelly 

have taken root and flowered during the night; and your dish is 

filled from side to side with a bouquet of chrysanthemums; each has 

expanded into a hundred…petalled flower; crimson; pink; purple; or 

orange; touch one; and it shrinks together like a sensitive plant; 

displaying at the root of the petals a ring of brilliant turquoise 

beads。  That is the commonest of all the Actiniae 

(Mesembryanthemum); you may have him when and where you will:  but 

if you will search those rocks somewhat closer; you will find even 

more gorgeous species than him。  See in that pool some dozen large 

ones; in full bloom; and quite six inches across; some of them。  If 

their cousins whom we found just now were like Chrysanthemums; 

these are like quilled Dahlias。  Their arms are stouter and shorter 

in proportion than those of the last species; but their colour is 

equally brilliant。  One is a brilliant blood…red; another a 

delicate sea…blue striped with pink; but most have the disc and the 

innumerable arms striped and ringed with various shades of grey and 

brown。  Shall we get them?  By all means if we can。  Touch one。  

Where is he now?  Gone?  Vanished into air; or into stone?  Not 

quite。  You see that knot of sand and broken shell lying on the 

rock; where your Dahlia was one moment ago。  Touch it; and you will 

find it leathery and elastic。  That is all which remains of the 

live Dahlia。  Never mind; get your finger into the crack under him; 

work him gently but firmly out; and take him home; and he will be 

as happy and as gorgeous as ever to…morrow。



Let your Actiniae stand for a day or two in the dish; and then; 

picking out the liveliest and handsomest; detach them once more 

from their hold; drop them into your vase; right them with a bit of 

stick; so that the sucking base is downwards; and leave them to 

themselves thenceforth。



These two species (Mesembryanthemum and Crassicornis) are quite 

beautiful enough to give a beginner amusement:  but there are two 

others which are not uncommon; and of such exceeding loveliness; 

that it is worth while to take a little trouble to get them。  The 

one is Dianthus; which I have already mentioned; the other Bellis; 

the sea…daisy; of which there is an excellent description and 

plates in Mr。 Gosse's 〃Rambles in Devon;〃 pp。 24 to 32。



It is common at Ilfracombe; and at Torquay; and indeed everywhere 

where there are cracks and small holes in limestone or slate rock。  

In these holes it fixes its base; and expands its delicate brown…

grey star…like flowers on the surface:  but it must be chipped out 

with hammer and chisel; at the expense of much dirt and patience; 

for the moment it is touched it contracts deep into the rock; and 

all that is left of the daisy flower; some two or three inches 

across; is a blue knot of half the size of a marble。  But it will 

expand again; after a day or two of captivity; and will repay all 

the trouble which it has cost。  Troglodytes may be found; as I have 

said already; in hundreds at Hastings; in similar situations to 

that of Bellis; its only token; when the tide is down; being a 

round dimple in the muddy sand which firs the lower cracks of 

rocks。



But you will want more than these anemones; both for your own 

amusement; and for the health of your tank。  Microscopic animals 

will breed; and will also die; and you need for them some such 

scavenger as our poor friend Squinado; to whom you were introduced 

a few pages back。  Turn; then; a few stones which lie piled on each 

other at extreme low…water mark; and five minutes' search will give 

you the very animal you want; … a little crab; of a dingy russet 

above; and on the under side like smooth porcelain。  His back is 

quite flat; and so are his large angular fringed claws; which; when 

he folds them up; lie in the same plane with his shell; and fit 

neatly into its edges。  Compact little rogue that he is; made 

especially for sidling in and out of cracks and crannies; he 

carries with him such an apparatus of combs and brushes as Isidor 

or Floris never dreamed of; with which he sweeps out of the sea…

water at every moment shoals of minute animalcules; and sucks them 

into his tiny mouth。  Mr。 Gosse will tell you more of this marvel; 

in his 〃Aquarium;〃 p。 48。



Next; your sea…weeds; if they thrive as they ought to do; will sow 

their minute spores in millions around them; and these; as they 

vegetate; will form a green film on the inside of the glass; 

spoiling your prospect:  you may rub it off for yourself; if you 

will; with a rag fastened to a stick; but if you wish at once to 

save yourself trouble; and to see how all emergencies in nature are 

provided for; you will set three or four live shells to do it for 

you; and to keep your sub…aqueous lawn close mown。



That last word is no figure of speech。  Look among the beds of sea…

weed for a few of the bright yellow or green sea…snails (Nerita); 

or Conical Tops (Trochus); especially that beautiful pink one 

spotted with brown (Ziziphinus); which you are sure to find about 

shaded rock…ledges at dead low tide; and put them into your 

aquarium。  For the present; they will only nibble the green ulvae; 

but when the film of young weed begins to form; you will see it 

mown off every morning as fast as it grows; in little semicircular 

sweeps; just as if a fairy's scythe had been at work during the 

night。



And a scythe has been at work; none other than the tongue of the 

little shell…fish; a description of its extraordinary mechanism 

(too long to quote here; but which is well worth reading) may be 

found in Gosse's 〃Aquarium。〃 (32)



A prawn or two; and a few minute star…fish; will make your aquarium 

complete; though you may add to it endlessly; as one glance at the 

salt…water tanks of the Zoological Gardens; and the strange and 

beautiful forms which they contain; will prove to you sufficiently。



You have two more enemies to guard against; dust; and heat。  If the 

surface of the water becomes clogged with dust; the communication 

between it and the life…giving oxygen of the air is cut off; and 

then your animals are liable to die; for the very same reason that 

fish die in a pond which is long frozen over; unless a hole be 

broken in the ice to admit the air。  You must guard against this by 

occasional stirring of the surface; or; as I have already said; by 

syringing and by keeping on a cover。  A piece of muslin tied over 

will do; but a better defence is a plate of glass; raised on wire 

some half…inch above the ed

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