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the¡¡penalty¡¡of¡¡failure£»poverty£»¡¡from¡¡whose¡¡loins¡¡spring¡¡the

criminal¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tramp£»¡¡both¡¡failures£»¡¡both¡¡discouraged¡¡workers¡£

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aborted¡¡and¡¡denied¡£



That¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡rashness¡¡in¡¡splashing¡¡the¡¡picture¡¡be¡¡not

incurred£»¡¡let¡¡the¡¡following¡¡authoritative¡¡evidence¡¡be¡¡considered£º

first£»¡¡the¡¡work¡¡and¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡mediocrity¡¡and¡¡inefficiency£»¡¡and£»

second£»¡¡the¡¡habitat£º



The¡¡New¡¡York¡¡Sun¡¡of¡¡February¡¡28£»¡¡1901£»¡¡describes¡¡the¡¡opening¡¡of¡¡a

factory¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡City¡¡by¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Tobacco¡¡Company¡£¡¡¡¡Cheroots

were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡in¡¡this¡¡factory¡¡in¡¡competition¡¡with¡¡other¡¡factories

which¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡be¡¡absorbed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡trust¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡trust¡¡advertised¡¡for

girls¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡crowd¡¡of¡¡men¡¡and¡¡boys¡¡who¡¡wanted¡¡work¡¡was¡¡so¡¡great¡¡in

front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡building¡¡that¡¡the¡¡police¡¡were¡¡forced¡¡with¡¡their¡¡clubs

to¡¡clear¡¡them¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡wage¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡girls¡¡was¡¡2¡£50¡¡per¡¡week£»

sixty¡¡cents¡¡of¡¡which¡¡went¡¡for¡¡car¡¡fare¡£¡¡£û4£ý



Miss¡¡Nellie¡¡Mason¡¡Auten£»¡¡a¡¡graduate¡¡student¡¡of¡¡the¡¡department¡¡of

sociology¡¡at¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Chicago£»¡¡recently¡¡made¡¡a¡¡thorough

investigation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡garment¡¡trades¡¡of¡¡Chicago¡£¡¡¡¡Her¡¡figures¡¡were

published¡¡in¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Journal¡¡of¡¡Sociology£»¡¡and¡¡commented¡¡upon

by¡¡the¡¡Literary¡¡Digest¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡found¡¡women¡¡working¡¡ten¡¡hours¡¡a¡¡day£»

six¡¡days¡¡a¡¡week£»¡¡for¡¡forty¡¡cents¡¡per¡¡week¡¡£¨a¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡two¡­thirds¡¡of¡¡a

cent¡¡an¡¡hour£©¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡women¡¡earned¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡dollar¡¡a¡¡week£»¡¡and

none¡¡of¡¡them¡¡worked¡¡every¡¡week¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡following¡¡table¡¡will¡¡best

summarize¡¡Miss¡¡Auten's¡¡investigations¡¡among¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the

garment¡­workers£º



Industry¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Average¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Average¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Average

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Number¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Yearly

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weekly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weeks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Earnings

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Employed

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Housewives¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£58¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡£21¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡47¡£49

Pants¡­Finishers

Seamstresses¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£03¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡32¡£78¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡64¡£10

Pants¡­makers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£13¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡£77¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡75¡£61

Miscellaneous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£77¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡81¡£80

Tailors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£22¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡31¡£96¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡211¡£92

General¡¡Averages¡¡2¡£48¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡31¡£18¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡76¡£74



Walter¡¡A¡£¡¡Wyckoff£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡as¡¡great¡¡an¡¡authority¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡worker¡¡as

Josiah¡¡Flynt¡¡is¡¡on¡¡the¡¡tramp£»¡¡furnishes¡¡the¡¡following¡¡Chicago

experience£º



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