the history-第16部分

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vers。　There　is　another　peculiarity；　which　the　Persians　themselves　have　never　noticed；　but　which　has　not　escaped　my　observation。　Their　names；　which　are　expressive　of　some　bodily　or　mental　excellence；　all　end　with　the　same　letter…　the　letter　which　is　called　San　by　the　Dorians；　and　Sigma　by　the　Ionians。　Any　one　who　examines　will　find　that　the　Persian　names；　one　and　all　without　exception；　end　with　this　letter。　　　　　Thus　much　I　can　declare　of　the　Persians　with　entire　certainty；　from　my　own　actual　knowledge。　There　is　another　custom　which　is　spoken　of　with　reserve；　and　not　openly；　concerning　their　dead。　It　is　said　that　the　body　of　a　male　Persian　is　never　buried；　until　it　has　been　torn　either　by　a　dog　or　a　bird　of　prey。　That　the　Magi　have　this　custom　is　beyond　a　doubt；　for　they　practise　it　without　any　concealment。　The　dead　bodies　are　covered　with　wax；　and　then　buried　in　the　ground。　　　　　The　Magi　are　a　very　peculiar　race；　different　entirely　from　the　Egyptian　priests；　and　indeed　from　all　other　men　whatsoever。　The　Egyptian　priests　make　it　a　point　of　religion　not　to　kill　any　live　animals　except　those　which　they　offer　in　sacrifice。　The　Magi；　on　the　contrary；　kill　animals　of　all　kinds　with　their　own　hands；　excepting　dogs　and　men。　They　even　seem　to　take　a　delight　in　the　employment；　and　kill；　as　readily　as　they　do　other　animals；　ants　and　snakes；　and　such　like　flying　or　creeping　things。　However；　since　this　has　always　been　their　custom；　let　them　keep　to　it。　I　return　to　my　former　narrative。　　　　　Immediately　after　the　conquest　of　Lydia　by　the　Persians；　the　Ionian　and　Aeolian　Greeks　sent　ambassadors　to　Cyrus　at　Sardis；　and　prayed　to　become　his　lieges　on　the　footing　which　they　had　occupied　under　Croesus。　Cyrus　listened　attentively　to　their　proposals；　and　answered　them　by　a　fable。　〃There　was　a　certain　piper；〃　he　said；　〃who　was　walking　one　day　by　the　seaside；　when　he　espied　some　fish；　so　he　began　to　pipe　to　them；　imagining　they　would　come　out　to　him　upon　the　land。　But　as　he　found　at　last　that　his　hope　was　vain；　he　took　a　net；　and　enclosing　a　great　draught　of　fishes；　drew　them　ashore。　The　fish　then　began　to　leap　and　dance；　but　the　piper　said；　'Cease　your　dancing　now；　as　you　did　not　choose　to　come　and　dance　when　I　piped　to　you。'〃　Cyrus　gave　this　answer　to　the　Ionians　and　Aeolians；　because；　when　he　urged　them　by　his　messengers　to　revolt　from　Croesus；　they　refused；　but　now；　when　his　work　was　done；　they　came　to　offer　their　allegiance。　It　was　in　anger；　therefore；　that　he　made　them　this　reply。　The　Ionians；　on　hearing　it；　set　to　work　to　fortify　their　towns；　and　held　meetings　at　the　Panionium；　which　were　attended　by　all　excepting　the　Milesians；　with　whom　Cyrus　had　concluded　a　separate　treaty；　by　which　he　allowed　them　the　terms　they　had　formerly　obtained　from　Croesus。　The　other　Ionians　resolved；　with　one　accord；　to　send　ambassadors　to　Sparta　to　implore　assistance。　　　　　Now　the　Ionians　of　Asia；　who　meet　at　the　Panionium；　have　built　their　cities　in　a　region　where　the　air　and　climate　are　the　most　beautiful　in　the　whole　world：　for　no　other　region　is　equally　blessed　with　Ionia；　neither　above　it　nor　below　it；　nor　east　nor　west　of　it。　For　in　other　countries　either　the　climate　is　over　cold　and　damp；　or　else　the　heat　and　drought　are　sorely　oppressive。　The　Ionians　do　not　all　speak　the　same　language；　but　use　in　different　places　four　different　dialects。　Towards　the　south　their　first　city　is　Miletus；　next　to　which　lie　Myus　and　Priene；　all　these　three　are　in　Caria　and　have　the　same　dialect。　Their　cities　in　Lydia　are　the　following：　Ephesus；　Colophon；　Lebedus；　Teos；　Clazomenae；　and　Phocaea。　The　inhabitants　of　these　towns　have　none　of　the　peculiarities　of　speech　which　belong　to　the　three　first…named　cities；　but　use　a　dialect　of　their　own。　There　remain　three　other　Ionian　towns；　two　situate　in　isles；　namely；　Samos　and　Chios；　and　one　upon　the　mainland；　which　is　Erythrae。　Of　these　Chios　and　Erythrae　have　the　same　dialect；　while　Samos　possesses　a　language　peculiar　to　itself。　Such　are　the　four　varieties　of　which　I　spoke。　　　　　Of　the　Ionians　at　this　period；　one　people；　the　Milesians；　were　in　no　danger　of　attack；　as　Cyrus　had　received　them　into　alliance。　The　islanders　also　had　as　yet　nothing　to　fear；　since　Phoenicia　was　still　independent　of　Persia；　and　the　Persians　themselves　were　not　a　seafaring　people。　The　Milesians　had　separated　from　the　common　cause　solely　on　account　of　the　extreme　weakness　of　the　Ionians：　for；　feeble　as　the　power　of　the　entire　Hellenic　race　was　at　that　time；　of　all　its　tribes　the　Ionic　was　by　far　the　feeblest　and　least　esteemed；　not　possessing　a　single　State　of　any　mark　excepting　Athens。　The　Athenians　and　most　of　the　other　Ionic　States　over　the　world；　went　so　far　in　their　dislike　of　the　name　as　actually　to　lay　it　aside；　and　even　at　the　present　day　the　greater　number　of　them　seem　to　me　to　be　ashamed　of　it。　But　the　twelve　cities　in　Asia　have　always　gloried　in　the　appellation；　they　gave　the　temple　which　they　built　for　themselves　the　name　of　the　Panionium；　and　decreed　that　it　should　not　be　open　to　any　of　the　other　Ionic　States；　no　State；　however；　except　Smyrna；　has　craved　admission　to　it。　　　　　In　the　same　way　the　Dorians　of　the　region　which　is　now　called　the　Pentapolis；　but　which　was　formerly　known　as　the　Doric　Hexapolis；　exclude　all　their　Dorian　neighbours　from　their　temple；　the　Triopium：　nay；　they　have　even　gone　so　far　as　to　shut　out　from　it　certain　of　their　own　body　who　were　guilty　of　an　offence　against　the　customs　of　the　place。　In　the　games　which　were　anciently　celebrated　in　honour　of　the　Triopian　Apollo；　the　prizes　given　to　the　victors　were　tripods　of　brass；　and　the　rule　was　that　these　tripods　should　not　be　carried　away　from　the　temple；　but　should　then　and　there　be　dedicated　to　the　god。　Now　a　man　of　Halicarnassus；　whose　name　was　Agasicles；　being　declared　victor　in　the　games；　in　open　contempt　of　the　law；　took　the　tripod　home　to　his　own　house　and　there　hung　it　against　the　wall。　As　a　punishment　for　this　fault；　the　five　other　cities；　Lindus；　Ialyssus；　Cameirus；　Cos；　and　Cnidus；　deprived　the　sixth　city；　Halicarnassus；　of　the　right　of　entering　the　temple。　　　　　The　Ionians　founded　twelve　cities　in　Asia；　and　refused　to　enlarge　the　number；　on　account　（as　I　imagine）　of　their　having　been　divided　into　twelve　States　when　they　lived　in　the　Peloponnese；　just　as　the　Achaeans；　who　drove　them　out；　are　at　the　present　day。　The　first　city　of　the　Achaeans　after　Sicyon；　is　Pellene；　next　to　which　are　Aegeira；　Aegae　upon　the　Crathis；　a　stream　which　is　never　dry；　and　from　which　the　Italian　Crathis　received　its　name；…　Bura；　Helice…　where　the　Ionians　took　refuge　on　their　defeat　by　the　Achaean　invaders…　Aegium；　Rhypes；　Patreis；　Phareis；　Olenus　on　the　Peirus；　which　is　a　large　river…　Dyme　and　Tritaeeis；　all　sea…port　towns　except　the　last　two；　which　lie　up　the　country。　　　　　These　are　the　twelve　divisions　of　what　is　now　Achaea；　and　was　formerly　Ionia；　and　it　was　owing　to　their　coming　from　a　country　so　divided　that　the　Ionians；　on　reaching　Asia；　founded　their　twelve　States：　for　it　is　the　height　of　folly　to　maintain　that　these　Ionians　are　more　Ionian　than　the　rest；　or　in　any　respect　better　born；　since　the　truth　is　that　no　small　portion　of　them　were　Abantians　from　Euboea；　who　are　not　even　Ionians　in　name；　and；　besides；　there　were　mixed　up　with　the　emigration　Minyae　from　Orchomenus；　Cadmeians；　Dryopians；　Phocians　from　the　several　cities　of　Phocis；　Molossians；　Arcadian　Pelasgi；　Dorians　from　Epidaurus；　and　many　other　distinct　tribes。　Even　those　who　came　from　the　Prytaneum　of　Athens；　and　reckon　themselves　the　purest　Ionians　of　all；　brought　no　wives　with　them　to　the　new　country；　but　married　Carian　girls；　whose　fathers　they　had　slain。　Hence　these　women　made　a　law；　which　they　bound　themselves　by　an　oath　to　observe；　and　which　they　handed　down　to　their　daughters　after　them；　〃That　none　should　ever　sit　at　meat　with　her　husband；　or　call　him　by　his　name〃；　because　the　invaders　slew　their　fathers；　their　husbands；　and　their　sons；　and　then　forced　them　to　become　their　wives。　It　was　at　Miletus　that　these　events　took　place。　　　　　The　kings；　too；　whom　they　set　over　them；　were　either　Lycians；　of　the　blood　of　Glaucus；　son　of　Hippolochus；　or　Pylian　Caucons　of　the　blood　of　Codrus；　son　of　Melanthus；　or　else　from　both　those　families。　But　since　these　Ionians　set　more　store　by　the　name　than　any　of　the　others；　let　them　pass　for　the　pure…bred　Ionians；　though　truly　all　are　Ionians　who　have　their　origin　from　Athens；　and　keep　the　Apaturia。　This　is　a　festival　which　all　the　Ionians　celebrate；　except　the　Ephesians　and　the　Colophonians；　whom　a　certain　act　of　bloodshed　excludes　from　it。　　　　　The　Panionium　is　a　place　in　Mycale；　facing　the　north；　which　was　chosen　by　the　common　voice　of　the　Ionians　and　made　sacred　to　Heliconian　Neptune。　Mycale　itself　is　a　promontory　of　the　mainland；　stretching　out　westward　towards　Samos；　in　which　the　Ionians　assemble　from　all　their　States　to　keep　the　feast　of　the　Panionia。　The　names　of　festivals；　not　only　among　the　Ionians　but　among　all　the　Greeks；　end；　like　the　Persian　proper　names；　in　one　and　the　same　letter。　　　　　The　above…mentioned；　then；　are　the　twelve　towns　of　the　Ionians。　The　Aeolic　cities　are　the　following：…　Cyme；　called　also　Phriconis；　Larissa；　Neonteichus；　Temnus；　Cilla；　Notium；　Aegiroessa；　Pitane；　Aegaeae；　Myrina；　and　Gryneia。　These　are　the　eleven　ancient　cities　of　the　Aeolians。　Originally；　indeed；　they　had　twelve　cities　upon　the　mainland；　like　the　Ionians；　but　the　Ionians　deprived　them　of　Smyrna；　one　of　the　number。　The　soil　of　Aeolis　is　better　than　that　of　Ionia；　but　the　climate　is　less　agreeable。　　　　　The　following　is　the　way　in　which　the　loss　of　Smyrna　happened。　Certain　men　of　Colophon　had　been　engaged　in　a　sedition　there；　and　being　the　weaker　party；　were　driven　by　the　others　into　banishment。　The　Smyrnaeans　received　the　fugitives；　who；　after　a　time；　watching　their　opportunity；　while　the　inhabitants　were　celebrating　a　feast　to　Bacchus　outside　the　walls；　shut　to　the　gates；　and　so　got　possession　of　the　town。　The　Aeolians　of　the　other　States　came　to　their　aid；　and　terms　were　agreed　on　between　the　parties；　the　Ionians　consenting　to　give　up　all　the　moveables；　and　the　Aeolians　making　a　surrender　of　the　place。　The　expelled　Smyrnaeans　were　distributed　among　the　other　States　of　the　Aeolians；　and　were　everywhere　admitted　to　citize