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taphernes；　the　Sardian　satrap；　what　he　thought　was　the　reason　that　the　Ionians　had　rebelled；　he　made　answer　that　he　could　not　conceive；　and　it　had　astonished　him　greatly；　pretending　to　be　quite　unconscious　of　the　whole　business。　Artaphernes；　however；　who　perceived　that　he　was　dealing　dishonestly；　and　who　had　in　fact　full　knowledge　of　the　whole　history　of　the　outbreak；　said　to　him；　〃I　will　tell　thee　how　the　case　stands；　Histiaeus：　this　shoe　is　of　thy　stitching；　Aristagoras　has　but　put　it　on。〃　　　　　Such　was　the　remark　made　by　Artaphernes　concerning　the　rebellion。　Histiaeus；　alarmed　at　the　knowledge　which　he　displayed；　so　soon　as　night　fell；　fled　away　to　the　coast。　Thus　he　forfeited　his　word　to　Darius；　for　though　he　had　pledged　himself　to　bring　Sardinia；　the　biggest　island　in　the　whole　world；　under　the　Persian　yoke；　he　in　reality　sought　to　obtain　the　direction　of　the　war　against　the　king。　Crossing　over　to　Chios；　he　was　there　laid　in　bonds　by　the　inhabitants；　who　accused　him　of　intending　some　mischief　against　them　in　the　interest　of　Darius。　However；　when　the　whole　truth　was　laid　before　them；　and　they　found　that　Histiaeus　was　in　reality　a　foe　to　the　king；　they　forthwith　set　him　at　large　again。　　　　　After　this　the　Ionians　inquired　of　him　for　what　reason　he　had　so　strongly　urged　Aristagoras　to　revolt　from　the　king；　thereby　doing　their　nation　so　ill　a　service。　In　reply；　he　took　good　care　not　to　disclose　to　them　the　real　cause；　but　told　them　that　King　Darius　had　intended　to　remove　the　Phoenicians　from　their　own　country；　and　place　them　in　Ionia；　while　he　planted　the　Ionians　in　Phoenicia；　and　that　it　was　for　this　reason　he　sent　Aristagoras　the　order。　Now　it　was　not　true　that　the　king　had　entertained　any　such　intention；　but　Histiaeus　succeeded　hereby　in　arousing　the　fears　of　the　Ionians。　　　　　After　this；　Histiaeus；　by　means　of　a　certain　Hermippus；　a　native　of　Atarneus；　sent　letters　to　many　of　the　Persians　in　Sardis；　who　had　before　held　some　discourse　with　him　concerning　a　revolt。　Hermippus；　however；　instead　of　conveying　them　to　the　persons　to　whom　they　were　addressed；　delivered　them　into　the　hands　of　Artaphernes；　who；　perceiving　what　was　on　foot；　commanded　Hermippus　to　deliver　the　letters　according　to　their　addresses；　and　then　bring　him　back　the　answers　which　were　sent　to　Histiaeus。　The　traitors　being　in　this　way　discovered；　Artaphernes　put　a　number　of　Persians　to　death；　and　caused　a　commotion　in　Sardis。　　　　　As　for　Histiaeus；　when　his　hopes　in　this　matter　were　disappointed；　he　persuaded　the　Chians　to　carry　him　back　to　Miletus；　but　the　Milesians　were　too　well　pleased　at　having　got　quit　of　Aristagoras　to　be　anxious　to　receive　another　tyrant　into　their　country；　besides　which　they　had　now　tasted　liberty。　They　therefore　opposed　his　return；　and　when　he　endeavoured　to　force　an　entrance　during　the　night；　one　of　the　inhabitants　even　wounded　him　in　the　thigh。　Having　been　thus　rejected　from　his　country；　he　went　back　to　Chios；　whence；　after　failing　in　an　attempt　to　induce　the　Chians　to　give　him　ships；　he　crossed　over　to　Mytilene；　where　he　succeeded　in　obtaining　vessels　from　the　Lesbians。　They　fitted　out　a　squadron　of　eight　triremes；　and　sailed　with　him　to　the　Hellespont；　where　they　took　up　their　station；　and　proceeded　to　seize　all　the　vessels　which　passed　out　from　the　Euxine；　unless　the　crews　declared　themselves　ready　to　obey　his　orders。　　　　　While　Histiaeus　and　the　Mytilenaeans　were　thus　employed；　Miletus　was　expecting　an　attack　from　a　vast　armament；　which　comprised　both　a　fleet　and　also　a　land　force。　The　Persian　captains　had　drawn　their　several　detachments　together；　and　formed　them　into　a　single　army；　and　had　resolved　to　pass　over　all　the　other　cities；　which　they　regarded　as　of　lesser　account；　and　to　march　straight　on　Miletus。　Of　the　naval　states；　Phoenicia　showed　the　greatest　zeal；　but　the　fleet　was　composed　likewise　of　the　Cyprians　（who　had　so　lately　been　brought　under）；　the　Cilicians；　and　also　the　Egyptians。　　　　　While　the　Persians　were　thus　making　preparations　against　Miletus　and　Ionia；　the　Ionians；　informed　of　their　intent；　sent　their　deputies　to　the　Panionium；　and　held　a　council　upon　the　posture　of　their　affairs。　Hereat　it　was　determined　that　no　land　force　should　be　collected　to　oppose　the　Persians；　but　that　the　Milesians　should　be　left　to　defend　their　own　walls　as　they　could；　at　the　same　time　they　agreed　that　the　whole　naval　force　of　the　states；　not　excepting　a　single　ship；　should　be　equipped；　and　should　muster　at　Lade；　a　small　island　lying　off　Miletus…　to　give　battle　on　behalf　of　the　place。　　　　　Presently　the　Ionians　began　to　assemble　in　their　ships；　and　with　them　came　the　Aeolians　of　Lesbos；　and　in　this　way　they　marshalled　their　line：…　The　wing　towards　the　east　was　formed　of　the　Milesians　themselves；　who　furnished　eighty　ships；　next　to　them　came　the　Prienians　with　twelve；　and　the　Myusians　with　three　ships；　after　the　Myusians　were　stationed　the　Teians；　whose　ships　were　seventeen；　then　the　Chians；　who　furnished　a　hundred。　The　Erythraeans　and　Phocaeans　followed；　the　former　with　eight；　the　latter　with　three　ships；　beyond　the　Phocaeans　were　the　Lesbians；　furnishing　seventy；　last　of　all　came　the　Samians；　forming　the　western　wing；　and　furnishing　sixty　vessels。　The　fleet　amounted　in　all　to　three　hundred　and　fifty…three　triremes。　Such　was　the　number　on　the　Ionian　side。　　　　　On　the　side　of　the　barbarians　the　number　of　vessels　was　six　hundred。　These　assembled　off　the　coast　of　Milesia；　while　the　land　army　collected　upon　the　shore；　but　the　leaders；　learning　the　strength　of　the　Ionian　fleet；　began　to　fear　lest　they　might　fail　to　defeat　them；　in　which　case；　not　having　the　mastery　at　sea；　they　would　be　unable　to　reduce　Miletus；　and　might　in　consequence　receive　rough　treatment　at　the　hands　of　Darius。　So　when　they　thought　of　all　these　things；　they　resolved　on　the　following　course：…　Calling　together　the　Ionian　tyrants；　who　had　fled　to　the　Medes　for　refuge　when　Aristagoras　deposed　them　from　their　governments；　and　who　were　now　in　camp；　having　joined　in　the　expedition　against　Miletus；　the　Persians　addressed　them　thus：　〃Men　of　Ionia；　now　is　the　fit　time　to　show　your　zeal　for　the　house　of　the　king。　Use　your　best　efforts；　every　one　of　you；　to　detach　your　fellow…countrymen　from　the　general　body。　Hold　forth　to　them　the　promise　that；　if　they　submit；　no　harm　shall　happen　to　them　on　account　of　their　rebellion；　their　temples　shall　not　be　burnt；　nor　any　of　their　private　buildings；　neither　shall　they　be　treated　with　greater　harshness　than　before　the　outbreak。　But　if　they　refuse　to　yield；　and　determine　to　try　the　chance　of　a　battle；　threaten　them　with　the　fate　which　shall　assuredly　overtake　them　in　that　case。　Tell　them；　when　they　are　vanquished　in　fight；　they　shall　be　enslaved；　their　boys　shall　be　made　eunuchs；　and　their　maidens　transported　to　Bactra；　while　their　country　shall　be　delivered　into　the　hands　of　foreigners。〃　　　　　Thus　spake　the　Persians。　The　Ionian　tyrants　sent　accordingly　by　night　to　their　respective　citizens；　and　reported　the　words　of　the　Persians；　but　the　people　were　all　staunch；　and　refused　to　betray　their　countrymen；　those　of　each　state　thinking　that　they　alone　had　had　made　to　them。　Now　these　events　happened　on　the　first　appearance　of　the　Persians　before　Miletus。　　　　　Afterwards；　while　the　Ionian　fleet　was　still　assembled　at　Lade；　councils　were　held；　and　speeches　made　by　divers　persons…　among　the　rest　by　Dionysius；　the　Phocaean　captain；　who　thus　expressed　himself：…　〃Our　affairs　hang　on　the　razor's　edge；　men　of　Ionia；　either　to　be　free　or　to　be　slaves；　and　slaves；　too；　who　have　shown　themselves　runaways。　Now　then　you　have　to　choose　whether　you　will　endure　hardships；　and　so　for　the　present　lead　a　life　of　toil；　but　thereby　gain　ability　to　overcome　your　enemies　and　establish　your　own　freedom；　or　whether　you　will　persist　in　this　slothfulness　and　disorder；　in　which　case　I　see　no　hope　of　your　escaping　the　king's　vengeance　for　your　rebellion。　I　beseech　you；　be　persuaded　by　me；　and　trust　yourselves　to　my　guidance。　Then；　if　the　gods　only　hold　the　balance　fairly　between　us；　I　undertake　to　say　that　our　foes　will　either　decline　a　battle；　or；　if　they　fight；　suffer　complete　discomfiture。〃　　　　　These　words　prevailed　with　the　Ionians；　and　forthwith　they　committed　themselves　to　Dionysius；　whereupon　he　proceeded　every　day　to　make　the　ships　move　in　column；　and　the　rowers　ply　their　oars；　and　exercise　themselves　in　breaking　the　line；　while　the　marines　were　held　under　arms；　and　the　vessels　were　kept；　till　evening　fell；　upon　their　anchors；　so　that　the　men　had　nothing　but　toil　from　morning　even　to　night。　Seven　days　did　the　Ionians　continue　obedient；　and　do　whatsoever　he　bade　them；　but　on　the　eighth　day；　worn　out　by　the　hardness　of　the　work　and　the　heat　of　the　sun；　and　quite　unaccustomed　to　such　fatigues；　they　began　to　confer　together；　and　to　say　one　to　another；　〃What　god　have　we　offended　to　bring　upon　ourselves　such　a　punishment　as　this？　Fools　and　distracted　that　we　were；　to　put　ourselves　into　the　hands　of　this　Phocaean　braggart；　who　does　but　furnish　three　ships　to　the　fleet！　He；　now　that　he　has　got　us；　plagues　us　in　the　most　desperate　fashion；　many　of　us；　in　consequence；　have　fallen　sick　already…　many　more　expect　to　follow。　We　had　better　suffer　anything　rather　than　these　hardships；　even　the　slavery　with　which　we　are　threatened；　however　harsh；　can　be　no　worse　than　our　present　thraldom。　Come；　let　us　refuse　him　obedience。〃　So　saying；　they　forthwith　ceased　to　obey　his　orders；　and　pitched　their　tents；　as　if　they　had　been　soldiers；　upon　the　island；　where　they　reposed　under　the　shade　all　day；　and　refused　to　go　aboard　the　ships　and　train　themselves。　　　　　Now　when　the　Samian　captains　perceived　what　was　taking　place；　they　were　more　inclined　than　before　to　accept　the　terms　which　Aeaces；　the　son　of　Syloson；　had　been　authorised　by　the　Persians　to　offer　them；　on　condition　of　their　deserting　from　the　confederacy。　For　they　saw　that　all　was　disorder　among　the　Ionians；　and　they　felt　also　that　it　was　hopeless　to　contend　with　the　power　of　the　king；　since　if　they　defeated　the　fleet　which　had　been　sent　against　them；　they　knew　that　another　would　come　five　times　as　great。　So　they　took　advantage　of　the　occasion　which　now　offered；　and　as　soon　as　ever　they　saw　the　Ionians　refuse　to　work；　hastened　gladly　to　provide　for　the　safety　of