the origins of contemporary france-1-第111部分
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before the Council of State since 1727 and not terminated in 1745;
〃the collection thereof; meanwhile; being suspended〃)。
11。 Right of potage on wines sold at retail in Blet; ensuring to
the seignior nine pints of wine per cask; leased in 1782 for six
years; at sixty livres per annum。
12。 Right of boucherie or of taking the tongues of all animals
slaughtered in the town; with; additionally; the heads and feet of all
calves。 No slaughter…house at Blet; and yet 〃during the harvesting of
each year about twelve head of cattle are slaughtered。〃 This tax is
collected by the steward and is valued at three livres per annum。
13。 Right of fairs and markets; aunage; weight and measures。 Five
fairs per annum and one market…day each week; but little frequented;
no grain…market。 This right is valued at twenty…four livres per annum。
14。 Corvées of teams and manual labor; through seigniorial right;
on ninety…seven persons at Blet (twenty…two carvées of teams and
seventy…five of manual labor); twenty…six persons at Brosses (five
teams and twenty…one hands)。 The seignior pays six sous for food; each
corvée; on men; and twelve sous on each corvee of four oxen。 〃Among
those subject to this corvée the larger number are reduced almost to
beggary and have large families; which often induces the seignior not
to exact this right rigorously。〃 The reduced value of the corvées is
forty…nine livres fifteen sols。
15。 Benalité (socome); of the mill; (a sentence of 1736 condemning
Roy; a laborer; to have his grain ground in the mill of Blet; and to
pay a fine for having ceased to have grain ground there during three
years)。 The miller reserves a sixteenth of the flour ground。 The
district…mill; as well as the windmill; with six arpents adjoining;
are leased at 600 livres per annum。
16。 Banalité of the oven。 Agreement of 1537 between the seignior
and his vassals: he allows them the privilege of a small oven in their
domicile of three squares; six inches each; to bake pies; biscuits and
cakes; in other respects subject to the district oven。 He is entitled
to one…sixteenth of the dough; this right might produce 150 livres
annually; but; for several years; the oven has been dilapidated。
17。 Right of the colombier; dove…cot。 The chateau park contains
one。
18。 Right of bordelage。 (The seignior is heir…at…law; except when
the children of the deceased live with their parents at the time of
his death。 This right covers an area of forty…eight arpentss。 For
twenty years; through neglect or from other causes; he has derived
nothing from this。
19。 Right over waste and abandoned ground and to alluvial
accumulations。
20。 Right; purely honorary; of seat and burial in the choir; of
incense and of special prayer; of funeral hangings outside and inside
the church。
21。 Rights of lods et ventes on copyholders; due by the purchaser
of property liable to this lien; in forty days。 〃In Bourbonnais; the
lods et ventes are collected at a third; a quarter; at the sixth;
eighth and twelfth rate。〃 The seignior of Blet and Brosses collects at
rate six。 It is estimated that sales are made once in eighty years;
these rights bear on 1;356 arpents which are worth; the best; 192
livres per arpent the second best; 110 livres; the poorest; 75 livres。
At this rate the 1;350 arpents are worth 162;750 livres。 A discount of
one…quarter of the lods et ventes is allowed to purchasers。 Annual
revenue of this right 254 livres。
22。 Right of tithe and of charnage。 The seignior has obtained all
tithe rights; save a few belonging to the canons of Don…le…Rol and to
the prior of Chaumont。 The tithes are levied on the thirteenth sheaf。
They are comprised in the leases。
23。 Right of terrage or champart: the right of collecting; after
the tithes; a portion of the produce of the ground。 〃In Bourbonnais;
the terrage is collected in various ways; on the third sheaf; on the
fifth; sixth; seventh; and commonly one…quarter; at Blet it is the
twelfth。〃 The seignior of Blet collects terrage only on a certain
number of the farms of his seigniory; 〃in relation to Brosses; it
appears that all domains possessed by copyholders are subject to the
right。〃 These rights of terrage are comprised in the leases of the
farms of Blet and of Brosses。
24。 Cens; surcens and rentes due on real property of different
kinds; houses; fields; meadows; etc。; situated in the territory of the
seigniory。 In the seigniory of Blet; 810 arpents; divided into 511
portions; in the hands of 120 copyholders; are in this condition; and
their cens annually consists of 137 francs in money; sixty…seven
bushels of wheat; three of barley; 159 of oats; sixteen hens; 130
chickens; six cocks and capons; the total valued at 575 francs。 On the
Brosses estate; eighty…five arpents; divided into 112 parcels; in the
hands of twenty copyholders; are in this condition; and their total
cens is fourteen francs money; seventeen bushels of wheat; thirty…two
of barley; twenty…six hens; three chickens and one capon; the whole
valued at 126 francs。
25。 Rights over the commons (124 arpents in Blet and 164 arpents in
Brosses)。
The vassals have on these only the right of use。 〃Almost the whole
of the land; on which they exercise this right of pasturage; belongs
to the seigniors; save this right with which they are burdened; it is
granted only to a few individuals。〃
26。 Rights over the fiefs mouvants of the barony of Blet。 Some are
situated in Bourbonnais; nineteen being in this condition。 In
Bourbonnais; the fiefs; even when owned by plebeians; simply owe la
bouche et les mains to the seignior at each mutation。 Formerly the
seignior of Blet enforced; in this case; the right of redemption which
has been allowed to fall into desuetude。 Others are situated in Berry
where the right of redemption is exercised。 One fief in Berry; that of
Cormesse held by the archbishop of Bourges; comprising eighty…five
arpents; besides a portion of the tithes; and producing 2;100 livres
per annum; admitting a mutation every twenty years; annually brings to
the seignior of Blet 105 livres。
Besides the charges indicated there are the following:
1。 To the curate of Blet; his fixed salary。 According to royal
enactment in 1686; this should be 300 livres。 According to arrangement
in 1692; the curate; desirous of assuring himself of this fixed
salary; yielded to the seignior all the dimes; novales; etc。 The edict
of 1768 having fixed the curate's salary at 500 livres; the curate
claimed this sum through writs。 The canons of Dun…le…Roi and the prior
of Chaumont; possessing tithes on the territory of Blet; were obliged
to pay a portion of it。 At present it is at the charge of the seignior
of Blet。
2。 To the guard; besides his lodging; warming and the use of three
arpents; 200 livres。
3。 To the steward or registrar; to preserve the archives; look
after repairs; collect lods et ventes; and fines; 432 livres; besides
the use of ten arpente。
4。 To the king; the vingtièmes。 Formerly the estates of Blet and
Brosses paid 810 livres for the two vingtièmes and the two sous per
livre。 After the establishment of the third vingtième they paid 1;216
livres。
Notes:
'1' Archives nationales; G。 319 (〃Etat actuel de la Direction de Bourges au point de vue des aides;〃 1774)。
'2' Blet; at the present day; contains 1;629 inhabitants。 (This was around 1884; in 1996 it remains
a small commune and a village of 800 people on the route nationale N76 between Bourges and Sancoins。 SR。)
'3' The farms of Blet and Brosses really produce nothing for the proprietor; inasmuch as the tithes and the
champart (field…rents); (articles 22 and 23); are comprehended in the rate of the leases。
…
END…NOTE 3:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTUAL AND NOMINAL REVENUES OF
ECCLESIASTICAL DIGNITIES AND BENEFICES。
According to Raudot (〃La France avant la Revolution;〃 p。84); one…
half extra must be added to the official valuation; according to
Boiteau (〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 p。195); this must be tripled and
even quadrupled。 I think that; for the episcopal sees; one…half extra
should be added and; for the abbeys and priories; double; and
sometimes triple and even quadruple the amount。 The following facts
show the variation between official and actual sums。
1。 In the 〃Almanach Royal;〃 the bishopric of Troyes is valued at
14;000 livres; in 〃France Ecclésiastique of 1788;〃 at 50;000。
According to Albert Babeau (〃Histoire de la Révolution dans le
department de l'Aube〃); it brings in 70;000 livres。 In 〃France
Ecclésiastique;〃 the bishopric of Strasbourg is put down at 400;000
livres。 According to the Duc de Lévis (〃Souvenirs;〃 p。 156) it brings
in at least 600;000 livres income。
2。 In the same work; the abbey of Jumiéges is assigned for 23;000
livres。 I find; in the papers of the ecclesiastic committee; it brings
to the abbé 50;000 livres。 In this work the abbey of Bèze is estimated
at 8;000 livres。 I find it bringing to the monks alone 30;000; while
the abbés portion is at least as large。 (〃De l'Etat religieux; par les
abbés de Bonnefoi et Bernard。;〃 1784)。 The abbé thus receives 30;000
livres; Bernay (Eure);。 is officially reported at 16;000。 The
〃Doleances〃 of the cahiers estimate it at 57;000。 Saint…Amand is put
down as bringing to the Cardinal of York 6;000 livres and actually
brings him 100;000。 (De Luynes; XIII。 215)。
Clairvaux; in the same work; is put down at 9;000; and in
Warroquier (〃Etat Général de la France en 1789;〃) at 60;000。 According
to Beugnot; who belongs to the country; and a practical man; the abbé
has from 300;000 to 400;000 livres income。
Saint…Faron; says Boiteau; set down at 18;000 livres; is worth
120;000 livres。
The abbey of Saint…Germain des Près (in the stewardships