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all the miseries start from it as from the center of pain and

inflammation; here it is that the public abscess comes to the head;

and here will it break。'46'





VI。  Latent Disorganization in France。



  Such is the just and fatal effect of privileges turned to selfish

purposes instead of being exercised for the advantage of others。  To

him who utters the word; 〃Sire or Seignior〃 stands for the protector

who feeds; the ancient who leads。〃'47' With such a title and for this

purpose too much cannot be granted to him; for there is no more

difficult or more exalted post。  But he must fulfill its duties;

otherwise in the day of peril he will be left to himself。  Already; and

long before the day arrives; his flock is no longer his own; if it

marches onward it is through routine; it is simply a multitude of

persons; but no longer an organized body。  Whilst in Germany and in

England the feudal régime; retained or transformed; still composes a

living society; in France'48'  its mechanical framework encloses only

so many human particles。  We still find the material order; but we no

longer find the moral order of things。  A lingering; deep…seated

revolution has destroyed the close hierarchical union of recognized

supremacies and of voluntary deference。  It is like an army in which

the attitudes of chiefs and subordinates have disappeared; grades are

indicated by uniforms only; but they have no hold on consciences。  All

that constitutes a well…founded army; the legitimate ascendancy of

officers; the justified trust of soldiers; the daily interchange of

mutual obligations; the conviction of each being useful to all; and

that the chiefs are the most useful all; is missing。  How could it be

otherwise in an army whose staff…officers have no other occupation but

to dine out; to display their epaulettes and to receive double pay?

Long before the final crash France is in a state of dissolution; and

she is in a state of dissolution because the privileged classes had

forgotten their characters as public men。

_____________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1'。  〃Rapport de l'agence du clergé;〃 from 1775 to 1780; pp。  31…

34。  … Ibid。  from 1780 to 1785; p。  237。



'2'。  Lanfrey; 〃L'Eglise et les philosophes;〃 passim。



'3'。  Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。  205; 207。  …

D'Argenson 〃Mémoires;〃 May 5; 1752; September 3; 22; 25; 1753;

October 17; 1753; and October 26; 1775。  … Prudhomme; 〃Résumé général

des cahiers des Etats…Généraux;〃 1789; (Registers of the Clergy)。

〃Histoire des églises du désert;〃 par Charles Coquerel; I。  151 and

those following。



'4'。  De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 vol。  I。  pp。  16; 41。  … De Bouillé;

〃Mémoires;〃 p。  54。  … Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。  I。  p。  237; proofs in

detail。



'5'。  Somewhat like the socialist societies including the welfare

states where a caste of public pensionaries; functionaries; civil

servants and politicians weigh like a heavy burden on those who

actually do the work。。  (SR。)



'6'。  An antechamber in the palace of Versailles in which there was

a round or bull's…eye window; where courtiers assembled to await the

opening of the door into the king's apartment。  … TR。



'7'。  〃La France ecclésiastique;〃 1788。



'8'。  Grannier de Cassagnac; 〃Des causes de la Rèvolution

Fran?aise;〃 III。  58。



'9'。  Marmontel; 〃Mémoires;〃  。  II。  book XIII。  p。  221。



'10'。  Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。  55; 248。  …

D'Argenson; 〃Considérations sur le gouvermement de la France;〃 p。  177。

De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIII。  226; XIV。  287; XIII。  33; 158; 162; 118;

233; 237; XV。  268; XVI。  304。  … The government of Ham is worth 11;250

livres; that of Auxerre 12;000; that of Brian?on 12;000; that of the

islands of Ste。  Marguerite 16;000 ; that of Schelestadt 15;000; that

of Brisach from 15 to 16;000 ; that of Gravelines 18;000。  … The

ordinance of 1776 had reduced these various places as follows:

(Warroquier; II; 467)。  18 general governments to 60;000 livres; 21 to

30;000; 114 special governments; 25 to 12;000 livres; 25 to 10;000 and

64 to 8;000; 176 lieutenants and commandants of towns; places; etc。;

of which 35 were reduced to 16;600 and 141 from 2;000 to 6;000。  … The

ordinance of 1788 established; besides these; 17 commands in chief

with from 20;000 to 30;000 livres fixed salary and from 4;000 to 6;000

a month for residence; and commands of a secondary grade。



'11'。  Somewhat like a minister of culture in one of our western

Welfare Social democracies; and which secures the support for the

ruling class of a horde of 〃artists〃 of all sorts。  (SR。)



'12'。  Archives nationales; H; 944; April 25; and September 20;

1780。  Letters and Memoirs of Furgole; advocate at Toulouse。



'13'。  Archives nationales; O1; 738 (Reports made to the bureau…

general of the king's household; March; 1780; by M。 Mesnard de

Chousy)。  Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 97。  … Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  291。  …

D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 February 10; December 9; 1751; … 〃Essai sur

les capitaineries royales et autres〃 (1789); p。  80。  … Warroquier;

〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 I。  266。



'14'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  377。



'15'。  1 crown (écu) equals 6 livres under Louis XV。  (SR。)



'16'。  Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  296; 298; 300; 301; III。  78。  …

Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。  171 (Letter from Paris;

December 13; 1780)。  … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 5; 1755。  …

Bachaumont; January 19; 1758。  … 〃Mémoire sur l'imposition

territoriale;〃 by M。 de Calonne (1787); p。  54。



'17'。  D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 December 9; 1751。  〃The expense to

courtiers of two new and magnificent coats; each for two fête days;

ordered by the king; completely ruins them。〃



'18'。  De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIV。  pp。  147…295; XV。  36; 119。  …

D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 April 8; 1752; March 30 and July 28; 1753;

July 2; 1735; June 23; 1756。  … Hippeau; ibid。。  IV。  p。  153 (Letter of

May 15; 1780)。  … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。  pp。

265; 269; 270; 271; 228。  … Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p 249。



'19'。  Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI。;〃 p。  228。  Appropriations

in the Red Book of 1774 to 1789: 227;985;716 livres; of which

80;000;000 are in acquisitions and gifts to the royal family。  … Among

others there are 14;600;000 to the Comte d'Artois and 14;450;000 to

Monsieur。  … 7;726;253 are given to the Queen for Saint…Cloud。  …

8;70;000 for the acquisition of Ile…Adam。



'20'。  Cf 。  〃Compte général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er

Mai; 1789〃 (Imprimerie royale; 1789; in 4to)。  Estate of Ile…Dieu;

acquired in 1783 of the Duc de Mortemart; 1;000;000; estate of

Viviers; acquired of the Prince de Soubise in 1784; 1;500;000。  …

Estates of St。  Priest and of St。  Etienne; acquired in 1787 of M。

Gilbert des Voisins; 1;335;935。  … The forests of Camors and of

Floranges; acquired of the Duc de Liancourt in 1785; 1;200;000。  … The

county of Montgommery; acquired of M。 Clement de Basville in 1785;

3;306;604。



'21'。  〃Le President des Brosses;〃 by Foisset。  (Remonstrances to the

king by the Parliament of Dijon; Jan。  19; 1764)。



'22'。  Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau。〃 Letter of the

bailiff; May 26; 1781。  … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。  156; 157; 160;

76; VI。  p。  320。  … Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  9。  … De Ferrières;

〃Mémoires;〃 preface。  See; on the difficulty in succeeding; the Memoirs

of Dumourier。  Chateaubriand's father is likewise one of the

discontented; 〃a political frondeur; and very inimical to the court。〃

(I。  206)。  … Records of the States…General of 1789; a general summary

by Prud'homme; II。  passim。



'23'。  〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 II。  202; 203。  … Voltaire;

〃Dictionnaire philosophique;〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé

Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃 XII。  130。



'24'。  Those entitled to tithes in cereals。… TR。



'25'。  A curate's salary at the present day (1875) is; at the

minimum; 900 francs with a house and perquisites。



'26'。  Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture les classes rurale; dans

le pays Toulousain;〃 p。  86。



'27'。  Périn; 〃la Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 grievances of the rural

parishes of Artois; p。  320。 Boivin…Champeaux; ibid。。  pp。  65; 68。  …

Hippeau; ibid。。  VI。  p。  79; et VII。  177。  … Letter of M。 Sergent; curate

of Vallers; January 27; 1790。  (Archives nationales; DXIX。  portfolio

24。) Letter of M。 Briscard; curate of Beaumont…la…Roger; diocese of

Evreux; December 19; 1789。  (ibid。。  DXIX。  portfolio 6。) 〃Tableau moral

du clergé de France〃 (1789); p。  2。



'28'。  He who has the right of receiving the first year's income of

a parish church after a vacancy caused by death。… TR。



'29'。  One who performs masses for the dead at fixed epochs。… TR。



'30'。  Grievances on the additional burdens which the Third…Estate

have to support; by Gautier de Bianzat (1788); p 237。



'31'。  Hippeau; ibid。  VI。  164。  (Letter of the Curate of Marolles and

of thirteen others;。  Letter of the bishop of Evreux; March 20; 1789。

Letter of the abbé d'Osmond; April 2; 1789)。  … Archives nationales;

manuscript documents (proces…verbeaux) of the States…General; V。  148。

pp。  245…47。  Registers of the curates of Toulouse; t。  150; p。  282; in

the representations of the Dijon chapter。



'32'。  De Toqueville; book II。  This capital truth as been

established by M。 de Tocqueville with superior discernment。



'33'。  A term indicating a certain division of the kingdom of France

to facilitate the collection of taxes。  Each generalship was subdivided

into elections; in which there was a tribunal called the bureau of

finances。  (TR。)



'34'。  Remonstrances of Malesherbes; Registers by Turgot and Necker

to the king; (Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration fran?aise sous Louis

XVI; Revue des cours 

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