the origins of contemporary france-1-第24部分
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all the miseries start from it as from the center of pain and
inflammation; here it is that the public abscess comes to the head;
and here will it break。'46'
VI。 Latent Disorganization in France。
Such is the just and fatal effect of privileges turned to selfish
purposes instead of being exercised for the advantage of others。 To
him who utters the word; 〃Sire or Seignior〃 stands for the protector
who feeds; the ancient who leads。〃'47' With such a title and for this
purpose too much cannot be granted to him; for there is no more
difficult or more exalted post。 But he must fulfill its duties;
otherwise in the day of peril he will be left to himself。 Already; and
long before the day arrives; his flock is no longer his own; if it
marches onward it is through routine; it is simply a multitude of
persons; but no longer an organized body。 Whilst in Germany and in
England the feudal régime; retained or transformed; still composes a
living society; in France'48' its mechanical framework encloses only
so many human particles。 We still find the material order; but we no
longer find the moral order of things。 A lingering; deep…seated
revolution has destroyed the close hierarchical union of recognized
supremacies and of voluntary deference。 It is like an army in which
the attitudes of chiefs and subordinates have disappeared; grades are
indicated by uniforms only; but they have no hold on consciences。 All
that constitutes a well…founded army; the legitimate ascendancy of
officers; the justified trust of soldiers; the daily interchange of
mutual obligations; the conviction of each being useful to all; and
that the chiefs are the most useful all; is missing。 How could it be
otherwise in an army whose staff…officers have no other occupation but
to dine out; to display their epaulettes and to receive double pay?
Long before the final crash France is in a state of dissolution; and
she is in a state of dissolution because the privileged classes had
forgotten their characters as public men。
_____________________________________________________________________
Notes:
'1'。 〃Rapport de l'agence du clergé;〃 from 1775 to 1780; pp。 31…
34。 … Ibid。 from 1780 to 1785; p。 237。
'2'。 Lanfrey; 〃L'Eglise et les philosophes;〃 passim。
'3'。 Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。 205; 207。 …
D'Argenson 〃Mémoires;〃 May 5; 1752; September 3; 22; 25; 1753;
October 17; 1753; and October 26; 1775。 … Prudhomme; 〃Résumé général
des cahiers des Etats…Généraux;〃 1789; (Registers of the Clergy)。
〃Histoire des églises du désert;〃 par Charles Coquerel; I。 151 and
those following。
'4'。 De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 vol。 I。 pp。 16; 41。 … De Bouillé;
〃Mémoires;〃 p。 54。 … Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。 I。 p。 237; proofs in
detail。
'5'。 Somewhat like the socialist societies including the welfare
states where a caste of public pensionaries; functionaries; civil
servants and politicians weigh like a heavy burden on those who
actually do the work。。 (SR。)
'6'。 An antechamber in the palace of Versailles in which there was
a round or bull's…eye window; where courtiers assembled to await the
opening of the door into the king's apartment。 … TR。
'7'。 〃La France ecclésiastique;〃 1788。
'8'。 Grannier de Cassagnac; 〃Des causes de la Rèvolution
Fran?aise;〃 III。 58。
'9'。 Marmontel; 〃Mémoires;〃 。 II。 book XIII。 p。 221。
'10'。 Boiteau; 〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 pp。 55; 248。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Considérations sur le gouvermement de la France;〃 p。 177。
De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIII。 226; XIV。 287; XIII。 33; 158; 162; 118;
233; 237; XV。 268; XVI。 304。 … The government of Ham is worth 11;250
livres; that of Auxerre 12;000; that of Brian?on 12;000; that of the
islands of Ste。 Marguerite 16;000 ; that of Schelestadt 15;000; that
of Brisach from 15 to 16;000 ; that of Gravelines 18;000。 … The
ordinance of 1776 had reduced these various places as follows:
(Warroquier; II; 467)。 18 general governments to 60;000 livres; 21 to
30;000; 114 special governments; 25 to 12;000 livres; 25 to 10;000 and
64 to 8;000; 176 lieutenants and commandants of towns; places; etc。;
of which 35 were reduced to 16;600 and 141 from 2;000 to 6;000。 … The
ordinance of 1788 established; besides these; 17 commands in chief
with from 20;000 to 30;000 livres fixed salary and from 4;000 to 6;000
a month for residence; and commands of a secondary grade。
'11'。 Somewhat like a minister of culture in one of our western
Welfare Social democracies; and which secures the support for the
ruling class of a horde of 〃artists〃 of all sorts。 (SR。)
'12'。 Archives nationales; H; 944; April 25; and September 20;
1780。 Letters and Memoirs of Furgole; advocate at Toulouse。
'13'。 Archives nationales; O1; 738 (Reports made to the bureau…
general of the king's household; March; 1780; by M。 Mesnard de
Chousy)。 Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 97。 … Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 291。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 February 10; December 9; 1751; … 〃Essai sur
les capitaineries royales et autres〃 (1789); p。 80。 … Warroquier;
〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 I。 266。
'14'。 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。 377。
'15'。 1 crown (écu) equals 6 livres under Louis XV。 (SR。)
'16'。 Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 296; 298; 300; 301; III。 78。 …
Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。 171 (Letter from Paris;
December 13; 1780)。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 5; 1755。 …
Bachaumont; January 19; 1758。 … 〃Mémoire sur l'imposition
territoriale;〃 by M。 de Calonne (1787); p。 54。
'17'。 D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 December 9; 1751。 〃The expense to
courtiers of two new and magnificent coats; each for two fête days;
ordered by the king; completely ruins them。〃
'18'。 De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIV。 pp。 147…295; XV。 36; 119。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 April 8; 1752; March 30 and July 28; 1753;
July 2; 1735; June 23; 1756。 … Hippeau; ibid。。 IV。 p。 153 (Letter of
May 15; 1780)。 … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。 pp。
265; 269; 270; 271; 228。 … Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p 249。
'19'。 Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI。;〃 p。 228。 Appropriations
in the Red Book of 1774 to 1789: 227;985;716 livres; of which
80;000;000 are in acquisitions and gifts to the royal family。 … Among
others there are 14;600;000 to the Comte d'Artois and 14;450;000 to
Monsieur。 … 7;726;253 are given to the Queen for Saint…Cloud。 …
8;70;000 for the acquisition of Ile…Adam。
'20'。 Cf 。 〃Compte général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er
Mai; 1789〃 (Imprimerie royale; 1789; in 4to)。 Estate of Ile…Dieu;
acquired in 1783 of the Duc de Mortemart; 1;000;000; estate of
Viviers; acquired of the Prince de Soubise in 1784; 1;500;000。 …
Estates of St。 Priest and of St。 Etienne; acquired in 1787 of M。
Gilbert des Voisins; 1;335;935。 … The forests of Camors and of
Floranges; acquired of the Duc de Liancourt in 1785; 1;200;000。 … The
county of Montgommery; acquired of M。 Clement de Basville in 1785;
3;306;604。
'21'。 〃Le President des Brosses;〃 by Foisset。 (Remonstrances to the
king by the Parliament of Dijon; Jan。 19; 1764)。
'22'。 Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau。〃 Letter of the
bailiff; May 26; 1781。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。 156; 157; 160;
76; VI。 p。 320。 … Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 9。 … De Ferrières;
〃Mémoires;〃 preface。 See; on the difficulty in succeeding; the Memoirs
of Dumourier。 Chateaubriand's father is likewise one of the
discontented; 〃a political frondeur; and very inimical to the court。〃
(I。 206)。 … Records of the States…General of 1789; a general summary
by Prud'homme; II。 passim。
'23'。 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 II。 202; 203。 … Voltaire;
〃Dictionnaire philosophique;〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé
Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃 XII。 130。
'24'。 Those entitled to tithes in cereals。… TR。
'25'。 A curate's salary at the present day (1875) is; at the
minimum; 900 francs with a house and perquisites。
'26'。 Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture les classes rurale; dans
le pays Toulousain;〃 p。 86。
'27'。 Périn; 〃la Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 grievances of the rural
parishes of Artois; p。 320。 Boivin…Champeaux; ibid。。 pp。 65; 68。 …
Hippeau; ibid。。 VI。 p。 79; et VII。 177。 … Letter of M。 Sergent; curate
of Vallers; January 27; 1790。 (Archives nationales; DXIX。 portfolio
24。) Letter of M。 Briscard; curate of Beaumont…la…Roger; diocese of
Evreux; December 19; 1789。 (ibid。。 DXIX。 portfolio 6。) 〃Tableau moral
du clergé de France〃 (1789); p。 2。
'28'。 He who has the right of receiving the first year's income of
a parish church after a vacancy caused by death。… TR。
'29'。 One who performs masses for the dead at fixed epochs。… TR。
'30'。 Grievances on the additional burdens which the Third…Estate
have to support; by Gautier de Bianzat (1788); p 237。
'31'。 Hippeau; ibid。 VI。 164。 (Letter of the Curate of Marolles and
of thirteen others;。 Letter of the bishop of Evreux; March 20; 1789。
Letter of the abbé d'Osmond; April 2; 1789)。 … Archives nationales;
manuscript documents (proces…verbeaux) of the States…General; V。 148。
pp。 245…47。 Registers of the curates of Toulouse; t。 150; p。 282; in
the representations of the Dijon chapter。
'32'。 De Toqueville; book II。 This capital truth as been
established by M。 de Tocqueville with superior discernment。
'33'。 A term indicating a certain division of the kingdom of France
to facilitate the collection of taxes。 Each generalship was subdivided
into elections; in which there was a tribunal called the bureau of
finances。 (TR。)
'34'。 Remonstrances of Malesherbes; Registers by Turgot and Necker
to the king; (Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration fran?aise sous Louis
XVI; Revue des cours