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O1; 2805)。  On the birth of the Duc de Bourgogne in 1751; 604;477

livres。  For the Dauphin's marriage in 1770; 1;267;770 livres。  For the

marriage of the Comte d'Artois in 1773; 2;016;221 livres。  For the

coronation in 1775; 835;862 livre;。  For plays; concerts and balls in

1778; 481;744 livres; and in 1779; 382;986 livres。



'24'。  Warroquier; vol。  I。  ibid。;  …   〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by

d'Arneth and Geffroy。  Letter of Mercy; Sept。  16; 1773。  〃The multitude

of people of various occupations following the king on his travels

resembles the progress of an army。〃



'25'。  The civil households of the king; queen; and Mme。  Elisabeth;

of Mesdames; and Mme。  Royale; 25;700;000。  … To the king's brothers and

sisters…in…law; 8;040;000。  … The king's military household; 7;681;000;

(Necker; 〃Compte…rendu;〃 II。  119)。  From 1774 to 1788 the expenditure

on the households of the king and his family varies from 32 to 36

millions; not including the military household; (〃La Maison du roi

justiftiée〃)。  In 1789 the households of the king; queen; Dauphin;

royal children and of Mesdames; cost 25 millions。  … Those of Monsieur

and Madame; 3;656;000; those of the Count and Countess d'Artois;

3;656;000; those of the Dukes de Berri and d'Angoulême; 700;000;

salaries continued to persons formerly in the princes' service;

228;000。  The total is 33;240;000。  … To this must be added the king's

military household and two millions in the princes' appanages。  (A

general account of fixed incomes and expenditure on the first of May;

1789; rendered by the minister of finances to the committee on

finances of the National Assembly。)



'26'。  Warroquier; ibid;(1789) vol。  I。; passim。



'27'。  An expression of the Comte d'Artois on introducing the

officers of his household to his wife。



'28'。  The number of light…horsemen and of gendarmes was reduced in

1775 and in 1776; both bodies were suppressed in 1787。



'29'。  The President of the 5th French Republic founded by General

de Gaulle is even today the source of numerous appointments of great

importance。  (SR。)



'30'。  Saint…Simon; 〃Mémoires;〃 XVI。  456。  This need of being always

surrounded continues up to the last moment; in 1791; the queen

exclaimed bitterly; speaking of the nobility; 〃when any proceeding of

ours displeases them they are sulky; no one comes to my table; the

king retires alone; we have to suffer for our misfortunes。〃 (Mme。

Campan; II。  177。)



'31'。  Duc de Lévis; 〃Souvenirs et Portraits;〃 29。  … Mme。  de

Maintenon; 〃Correspondance。〃



'32'。  M。 de V …  who was promised a king's lieutenancy or command;

yields it to one of Mme。  de Pompadour's protégés; obtaining in lieu of

it the part of the exempt in 〃Tartuffe;〃 played by the seigniors

before the king in the small cabinet。  (Mme。  de Hausset; 168)。  〃M。

de V;…  thanked Madame as if she had made him a duke。〃



'33'。  〃Paris; Versailles et les provinces au dix…huitième siècle;〃

II。  160; 168。  … Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 IV。  150。  … De Ségur;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。  16。



'34'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  27; 255;

281。  〃 Gustave III。〃 by Geffroy; November; 1786; bulletin of Mme。  de

Sta?l。  … D'Hézecques; ibid。。  231。  … Archives nationales; 01; 736; a

letter by M。 Amelot; September 23; 1780。  … De Luynes; XV。  260; 367;

XVI。  163 ladies; of which 42 are in service; appear and courtesy to

the king。  160 men and more than 100 ladies pay their respects to the

Dauphin and Dauphine。



'35'。  Cochin。  Engravings of a masked ball; of a dress ball; of the

king and queen at play; of the interior of the theater (1745)。

Customes of Moreau (1777)。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Dictionaire des

etiquettes;〃 the article parure。



'36'。  〃The difference between the tone and language of the court

and the town was about as perceptible as that between Paris and the

provinces。  〃 (De Tilly; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  153。)



'37'。  The following is an example of the compulsory inactivity of

the nobles  …  a dinner of Queen Marie Leczinska at Fontainebleau: 〃I

was introduced into a superb hall where I found about a dozen

courtiers promenading about and a table set for as many persons; which

was nevertheless prepared for but one person。  。  。  。  The queen sat

own while the twelve courtiers took their positions in a semi…circle

ten steps from the table; I stood alongside of them imitating their

deferential silence。  Her Majesty began to eat very fast; keeping her

eyes fixed on the plate。  Finding one of the dishes to her taste she

returned to it; and then; running her eye around the circle; she said

〃Monsieur de Lowenthal?〃 … On hearing this name a fine…looking man

advanced; bowing; and replied; 〃Madame?〃 … 〃I find that this ragout is

fricassé chicken。〃 〃I believe it is' Madame。〃 … On making this

answer; in the gravest manner; the marshal; retiring backwards;

resumed his position; while the queen finished her dinner; never

uttering another word and going back to her room the same way as she

came。〃 (Memoirs of Casanova。)



'38'。  〃Under Louis XVI; who arose at seven or eight o'clock; the

lever took place at half…past eleven unless hunting or ceremonies

required it earlier。〃 There is the same ceremonial at eleven; again in

the evening on retiring; and also during the day; when he changes his

boots。  (D'Hézecque; 161。)



'39'。  Warroquier; I。  94。  Compare corresponding detail under Louis

XVI in Saint…Simon XIII。  88。



'40'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  217。



'41'。  In all changes of the coat the left arm of the king is

appropriated by the wardrobe and the right arm to the 〃chambre。〃



'42'。  The queen breakfasts in bed; and 〃there are ten or twelve

persons present at this first reception or entrée。  。  。  〃 The grand

receptions taking place at the dressing hour。  〃This reception

comprises the princes of the blood; the captains of the guards and

most of the grand…officers。〃 The same ceremony occurs with the chemise

as with the king's shirt。  One winter day Mme。  Campan offers the

chemise to the queen; when a lady of honor enters; removes her gloves

and takes the chemise in her hands。  A movement at the door and the

Duchess of Orleans comes in; takes off her gloves; and receives the

chemise。  Another movement and it is the Comtesse d'Artois whose

privilege it is to hand the chemise。  Meanwhile the queen sits there

shivering with her arms crossed on her breast and muttering; 〃It is

dreadful; what importunity! 〃 (Mme。  Campan; II。  217; III。  309…316)。



'43'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  223 (August

15; 1774)。



'44'。  Count D'Hézecques; ibid。; p。  7。



'45'。  Duc de Lauzun; 〃Mémoires;〃 51。  … Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃

ch。  XII。: 〃Our husbands; regularly on that day (Saturday) slept at

Versailles; to hunt the next day with the king。〃



'46'。  The State dinner takes place every Sunday。  … La nef is a

piece of plate at the center of the table containing between scented

cushions; the napkins used by the king。  … The essai is the tasting of

each dish by the gentlemen servants and officers of the table before

the king partakes of it。  And the same with the beverages。  … It

requires four persons to serve the king with a glass of wine and

water。



'47'。  When the ladies of the king's court; and especially the

princesses; pass before the king's bed they have to make an obeisance;

the palace officials salute the nef on passing that。  … A priest or

sacristan does the same thing on passing before the altar。



'48'。  De Luynes; IX; 75;79; 105。  (August; 1748; October 1748)。



'49'。  The king is at Marly; and here is a list of the excursions he

is to make before going to Compiègne。  (De Luynes; XIV; 163; May; 1755)

〃Sunday; June 1st; to Choisy until Monday evening。  …  Tuesday; the

3rd to Trianon; until Wednesday。  …  Thursday; the 5th; return to

Trianon where he will remain until after supper on Saturday。  …

Monday; the 9th; to Crécy; until Friday; 13th。  …  Return to Crécy the

16th; until the 21st。  …  St。  July 1st to la Muette; the 2nd; to

Compiègne。〃



'50'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; I。  19 (July 12;

1770)。  I。  265 (January 23; 1771)。  I。  III。  (October 18; 1770)。



'51'。  Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II; 270 (October

18; 1774)。  II; 395 (November 15; 1775)。  II; 295 (February 20; 1775)。

III; 25 (February 11; 1777)。  III; 119 (October 17; 1777)。  III; 409

(March 18; 1780)。



'52'。  Mme。  Campan; I。  147。



'53'。  Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI;〃 129。



'54'。  D'Hézecques ibid。  253。  … Arthur Young; I。  215。



'55'。  List of pensions paid to members of the royal family in 1771。

Duc d'Orléans; 150;000。  Prince de Condé; 100;000。  Comte de Clermont;

70;000。  Duc de Bourbon; 60;000。  Prince de Conti; 60;000。  Comte de la

Marche; 60;000。  Dowager…Countess de Conti; 50;000。  Duc de Penthièvre;

50;000。  Princess de Lamballe; 50;000。  Duchess de Bourbon; 50;000。

(Archives Nationales。  O1。  710; bis)。



'56'。  Beugnot; I。  77。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃 ch。  XVII。  De

Goncourt; 〃La Femme au dix…huitième siècle;〃 52。  … Champfort;

〃Caractères et Anecdotes。〃



'57'。  De Luynes; XVI。  57 (May; 1757)。  In the army of Westphalia the

Count d'Estrées; commander…in…chief; had twenty…seven secretaries; and

Grimm was the twenty…eighth。  … When the Duc de Richelieu set out for

his government of Guyenne he was obliged to have relays of a hundred

horses along the entire road。



'58'。  De Luynes; XVI。  186 (October; 1757)。



'59'。  De Goncourt; ibid。; 73; 75。



'60'。  Mme。  d'Epinay; 〃Mémoires。〃 Ed。  Boiteau; I。  306 (1751)。



'61'。  St。  Simon; XII。  457; and Dangeau; VI。  408。  The Marshal de

Boufflers at the camp of Compiègne (September; 1698) had every night

and morning two tables for twenty and twenty…five persons; besides

extra tables; 72 cooks;

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