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sovereign was more humane; more charitable; more preoccupied with the

unfortunate。   In 1784; the year of inundations and epidemics; he

renders assistance to the amount of three millions。   Appeals are made

to him direct; even for personal accidents。   On the 8th of June;

1785; he sends two hundred livres to the wife of a Breton laboring…man

who; already having two children; brings three at once into the

world'65'。   During a severe winter he allows the poor daily to invade

his kitchen。   It is quite probable that; next to Turgot; he is the

man of his day who loved the people most。     His delegates under

him conform to his views; I have read countless letters by intendants

who try to appear as little Turgots。   〃One builds a hospital; another

admits artisans at his table;〃'66' a certain individual undertakes the

draining of a marsh。  M。 de la Tour; in Provence; is so beneficent

during a period of forty years that the Tiers…Etat vote him a gold

medal in spite of himself'67'。   A governor delivers a course of

lectures on economical bread…making。    …  What possible danger is

there for shepherds of this kind amidst their flocks? On the king

convoking the States…General nobody had 〃any suspicion;〃 nor fear of

the future。   〃A new State constitution is spoken of as an easy

performance; and as a matter of course。〃'68'   …   〃The best and most

virtuous men see in this the beginning of a new era of happiness for

France and for the whole civilized world。   The ambitious rejoice in

the broad field open to their desires。   But it would have been

impossible to find the most morose; the most timid; the most

enthusiastic of men anticipating any one of the extraordinary events

towards which the assembled states were drifting。〃



____________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Macaulay。



'2' Stendhal; 〃Rome; Naples et Florence;〃 371。



'3' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   139 (on the writings and

conversations of Diderot; d;Holbach and the atheists)。   〃At that

time; in this philosophy; all seemed innocent enough; it being

confined to the limits of speculation; and never seeking; even in its

boldest flights; anything beyond a calm intellectual exercise。



'4' 〃L'Homme aux quarante écus。〃 Cf。   Voltaire; 〃Mémoires;〃 the

suppers given by Frederick II。   〃Never in any place in the world was

there greater freedom of conversation concerning the superstitions of

mankind。



'5' Morellet; Mémoires;〃 I。   133。



'6' Galiani; 〃Correspondance; passim。



'7' Bachaumont; III。   93 (1766); II。   202 (1765)。



'8' Geffroy; 〃Gustave III。;〃 I。   114。



'9' Villemain; 〃Tableau de la Litterature au dix…huitième siècle;〃

IV。   409。



'10' Grimm; 〃corresp。   littéraire;〃 IV。   176。   De Ségur;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。   113。



'11' 〃Princesse de Babylone。〃 … Cf。   〃le Mondain。〃



'12' Here we may have an important motive for the socialist attitudes

towards sexual morality as it was during the activie nineteen

seventies until the unexpected appearance of AIDS put an abrupt end to

the proceedings。   (SR。)



'13' Mme。   d'Epinay; ed。   Boiteau; I。   216: at a supper given by

Mlle。   Quinault; the comedian; at which are present Saint…Lambert;

the Prince de 。   。   。   。   ; Duclos and Mme。   d'Epinay。



'14' For example; the father of Marmant; a military gentleman; who;

having won the cross of St。   Louis at twenty…eight; abandons the

service because he finds that promotion is only for people of the

court。   In retirement on his estates he is a liberal; teaching his

son to read the reports made by Necker。   (Marshal Marmont;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。   9)。



'15' Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public;〃 in the 18th century; p。   7。



'16' Montesquieu; 〃Lettres Persanes;〃 (Letter 61)。    …  Cf。

Voltaire; (〃D?ner du Comte de Boulainvilliers〃)。



'17' Aubertin; pp。   281; 282; 285; 289。



'18' Horace Walpole; 〃Letters and Correspondence;〃 Sept。   27th;

1765; October 18th; 28th; and November 19th; 1766。



'19' 〃Journal et Mémoires de Collé;〃 published by H。   Bonhomme;

II。   24 (October; 1755); and III。165 (October 1767)。



'20' 〃Corresp。   littéraire;〃 by Grimm (September; October; 1770)。



'21' Mme。   De Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 I; 312。



'22' De Goncourt; 〃La femme au dix…huitième siècle;〃 371…373。   …

Bachaumont; I。   224 (April 13; 1763)。



'23' Mme。   de Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 II。   326。



'24' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 III。44。



'25' Métra。   〃Correspondance secrète;〃 XVII。   387 (March 7;

1785)。



'26' De Goncourt; ibid。   456。   … Vicomtesse de Noailles; 〃Vie de

la Princesse de Poix;〃 formerly de Beauvau。



'27' The Abbé de Latteignaut; canon of Rheims; the author of some

light poetry and convivial songs; 〃has just composed for Nicolet's

theater a parade in which the intrigue is supported by a good many

broad jests; very much in the fashion at this time。   The courtiers

who give the tone to this theater think the canon of Rheims superb。〃

(Bachaumont; IV。   174; November; 1768)。



'28' Bachaumont; III。   253。   … Chateaubriand; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。

246。



'29' Champfort; 279。



'30' Merlin de Thionville; 〃Vie et correspondance;〃 by Jean

Raynaud。   (〃La Chartreuse du Val Saint…Pierre。〃 Read the entire

passage)。   … 〃Souvenirs Manuscrits;〃 by M  … 。。



'31' Rivarol; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   344。



'32' Mercier; IV。   142。   〃In Auvergne; says M。 de Montlosier; I

formed for myself a society of priests; men of wit; some of whom were

deists and others open atheists; with whom I carried on a contest with

my brother。〃 (〃Mémoires;〃 I。37)。



'33' Lafayette。   〃Mémoires;〃 III。   58。



'34' 〃Dict。   Phil。〃 article 〃Wheat。〃 … The most important work of

Quesnay is of the year 1758; 〃Tableau économique。〃



'35' D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 IV。   141; VI。   320; 465; VII。   23;

VIII。   153; (1752; 1753; 1754)。   … Rousseau's discourse on

Inequality belongs also to 1753。   On this steady march of opinion

consult the excellent work of d'Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public au dix…

huitième siècle。〃



'36' This seems to be prophetic of the night of August 4; 1789。



'37' 〃Corresp。   de Laurette de Malboissière;〃 published by the

Marquise de la Grange。   (Sept。   4; 1762; November 8; 1762)。



'38' Madame du Deffant in a letter to Madame de Choiseul; (quoted

by Geffroy); 〃Gustave et la cour de France;〃 I。   279。



'39' Geffroy; ibid。   I。   232; 241; 245。



'40' Geffroy; ibid。   I。267; 281。   See letters by Madame de

Boufflers (October; 1772; July 1774)。



'41' Ibid。。   I。   285。   The letters of Mme。   de la March (1776;

1777; 1779)。



'42' A victim of religious rancor against the protestants; whose

cause; taken op by Voltaire; excited great indignation。… TR。



'43' Bachaumont; III。   14 (March 28; 1766。   Walpole; Oct。   6;

1775)。



'44' Geffloy; ibid。   (A letter by Mme Sta?l; 5776)。



'45' Collé; 〃Journal;〃 III。   437 (1770) : 〃Women have got the

upper hand with the French to such an extent; they have so subjugated

them; that they neither feel nor think except as they do。〃



'46' 〃Correspondance;〃 by Métra; III。   200; IV。   131。



'47' 〃Mémoires du Chancelier Pasquier; _Ed。  Plon Paris 1893; Vol。

I。  page26。



'48' De Vaublanc; 〃Souvenirs;〃 I。   117; 377。



'49' De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   17。



'50' Ibid。   I。   151。    〃I saw the entire Court at the theater in

the chateau at Versailles enthusiastically applaud Voltaire's tragedy

of 'Brutus;' and especially these lines:



Je suis fils de Brutus; et je porte en mon coeur

La liberté gravée et les rois en horreur。〃



'51' De Lauzun; 80 (in relation to his expedition into Corsica)。



'52' De Ségur; I。   87。



'53' The assemblies of Berry and Haute…Guyenne began in 1778 and

1779; those of other generalships in 1787。   All functioned until

1789。   (Cf。   Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Les Assemblées provinciales〃)。



'54' Léonce de Lavergne; ibid。   26; 55; 183。   The tax department

of the provincial assembly of Tours likewise makes its demands on the

privileged class in the matter of taxation。



'55' Procés…verbaux of the prov。   ass。   of Normandy; the

generalship of Alen?on; 252。    …  Cf。   Archives nationales; II;

1149: in 1778 in the generalship of Moulins; thirty…nine persons;

mostly nobles; supply from their own funds 18;950 livres to the 60;000

livres allowed by the king for roads and asylums。



'56' Archives nationales; procès…verbaux and registers of the

States…General; vol。   XLIX。   p。712; 714 (the nobles and clergy of

Dijon); vol。   XVI。   p。   183 (the nobles of Auxerre) vol。   XXIX。

pp。352; 455; 458 (the clergy and nobles of Berry); vol。   CL。   p。266

(the clergy and nobles of Tours); vol。   XXIX; the clergy and nobles

of Chateauroux; (January 29; 1789); pp。   572; 582。   vol。   XIII。

765 (the nobles of Autun)。   … See as a summary of the whole; the

〃Résumé des Cahiers〃 by Prud'homme; 3 vols。



'57' Prud'homme; ibid。。   II。   39; 51; 59。   De Lavergne; 384。

In 1788; two hundred gentlemen of the first families of Dauphiny sign;

conjointly with the clergy and the Third…Estate of the province; an

address to the king in which occurs the following passage: 〃Neither

time nor obligation legitimizes despotism; the rights of men derive

from nature alone and are independent of their engagements。〃



'58' Lacretelle; 〃Hist。   de France au dix…huitième siècle;〃 V。2。



'59' Procès…verbeaux of the prov。   ass。   of the Ile…de…France

(1787); p。127。



'60' De Lavergne; ibid。。   52; 369。



'61' 〃Le cri de la raison;〃 by Clerget; curé d'Onans (1789); p。258。



'62' Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau;〃 I。   290; 368。    …

Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'agriculture et les classes rurales dans le pays

Toulousain;〃 p。   14。



'63' 〃Foreigners generally could scarcely form an idea of the power

of public opinion at this time i

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