the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú)-µÚ14²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
interests¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡town¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡populations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡convinced¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sooner¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡later¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡peasants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡alter¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡suit¡¡
themselves£»¡¡when£»¡¡once¡¡more£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡government¡¡against¡¡which¡¡the¡¡
town¡¡workers¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡defend¡¡their¡¡interests¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Mensheviks¡¡object¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡identification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡apparatus¡¡
on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡that¡¡when¡¡this¡¡change£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡expect¡¡comes¡¡about£»¡¡the¡¡
Trade¡¡Union¡¡movement¡¡will¡¡be¡¡so¡¡far¡¡emasculated¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡incapable¡¡of¡¡
defending¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡town¡¡¡¡¡¡workers¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡peasants¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
ruling¡¡class¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡they¡¡attack¡¡the¡¡present¡¡Trades¡¡Union¡¡leaders¡¡for¡¡being¡¡
directly¡¡influenced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡in¡¡fixing¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡wages£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
ground¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡establishes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡precedent¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡change¡¡
comes£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡break¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Communists¡¡answer¡¡them¡¡
by¡¡¡¡¡¡insisting¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡everybody's¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡pull¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
crisis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡academic¡¡¡¡¡¡reasons¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
insist¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡¡¡¡¡independence¡¡¡¡¡¡instead¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡
collaborating¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Government£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡be¡¡not¡¡only¡¡increasing¡¡the¡¡
difficulties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡in¡¡its¡¡economic¡¡crisis£»¡¡but¡¡actually¡¡hastening¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡change¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Mensheviks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡inevitable£»¡¡
cannot¡¡be¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡desire¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡Menshevik¡¡opposition¡¡is¡¡strongest¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡Ukraine¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Its¡¡strength¡¡may¡¡be¡¡judged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡spring¡¡¡¡¡¡when£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»300¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡delegates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡
Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡sympathizers¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡63¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡Mensheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡200¡¡
were¡¡non¡party£»¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡whom£»¡¡I¡¡fancy£»¡¡on¡¡this¡¡point¡¡would¡¡agree¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡Mensheviks¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡apart¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¨stratification¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡
Unions£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡cleavage¡¡cutting¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Party¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡
uniting¡¡in¡¡opinion£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡in¡¡voting£»¡¡the¡¡Mensheviks¡¡and¡¡a¡¡section¡¡of¡¡
their¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opponents¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cleavage¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
¡¨workers'¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution£»¡¡¡¡¡¡looked¡¡
forward¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨workers'¡¡control¡¨£»¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡it¡¡as¡¡meaning¡¡that¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡
workers¡¡in¡¡a¡¡given¡¡factory¡¡would¡¡themselves¡¡control¡¡that¡¡factory£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
board¡¡of¡¡directors¡¡controls¡¡a¡¡factory¡¡under¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡capitalist¡¡system¡£¡¡
The¡¡Communists£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡even¡¡today¡¡admit¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡desirability¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡47¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡48¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡
but¡¡insist¡¡that¡¡the¡¡important¡¡question¡¡is¡¡not¡¡who¡¡shall¡¡give¡¡the¡¡orders£»¡¡but¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡orders¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡nowhere¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡this¡¡
matter¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡properly¡¡¡¡¡¡thrashed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡out£»¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡extremely¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡£¡¡
Everybody¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡about¡¡it¡¡began¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡address¡¡me¡¡as¡¡if¡¡I¡¡were¡¡
a¡¡public¡¡meeting£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡I¡¡found¡¡it¡¡extremely¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡get¡¡from¡¡either¡¡
side¡¡a¡¡statement¡¡not¡¡free¡¡from¡¡electioneering¡¡bias¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡
it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡fairly¡¡said¡¡that¡¡all¡¡but¡¡a¡¡few¡¡lunatics¡¡have¡¡abandoned¡¡the¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡
1917£»¡¡which¡¡resulted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡workmen¡¡in¡¡a¡¡factory¡¡deposing¡¡any¡¡technical¡¡
expert¡¡or¡¡manager¡¡whose¡¡orders¡¡were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡least¡¡irksome¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡
ideas¡¡and¡¡the¡¡miseries¡¡and¡¡unfairness¡¡they¡¡caused£»¡¡the¡¡stoppages¡¡of¡¡work£»¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡managers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sewn¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡sacks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡ducked¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡ponds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡trundled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
wheelbarrows£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡places¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡curiosities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
change¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gradual¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡step¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
recognition¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡interested¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡efficiency¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
each¡¡factory£»¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡workmen¡¡of¡¡each¡¡factory¡¡had¡¡no¡¡right¡¡
to¡¡arrange¡¡things¡¡with¡¡no¡¡thought¡¡except¡¡for¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Committee¡¡
idea¡¡was¡¡still¡¡strong£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡difficulty¡¡was¡¡got¡¡over¡¡by¡¡assuring¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
technical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡staff¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡represented¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Committee£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
casting¡¡¡¡¡¡vote¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡workers¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡technical¡¡¡¡¡¡experts¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡managers¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡
belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡central¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡organ¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡next¡¡stage¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
when¡¡the¡¡management¡¡of¡¡a¡¡workshop¡¡was¡¡given¡¡a¡¡so¡¡called¡¡¡¨collegiate¡¨¡¡
character£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appointing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡representatives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡share¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
responsibility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨bourgeois¡¡specialist¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡bitter¡¡controversy¡¡now¡¡
going¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡concerns¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡seemingly¡¡¡¡inevitable¡¡¡¡¡¡transition¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡later¡¡¡¡stage¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡practical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡specialist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
responsible¡¡¡¡¡¡solely¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡¡¡Communists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡including¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡known£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡recognizing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡efficiency¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
revolution¡¡is¡¡to¡¡survive¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡regard¡¡this¡¡step¡¡as¡¡definitely¡¡retrograde¡¡and¡¡
likely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡run¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡worth¡¡
preserving¡£*£§£¨*£©Thus¡¡Rykov£»¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Council¡¡of¡¡Public¡¡
Economy£º¡¡¡¨There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡so¡¡constructing¡¡a¡¡State¡¡that¡¡in¡¡it¡¡there¡¡
will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡ruling¡¡¡¡¡¡caste¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consisting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡administrative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡engineers£»¡¡
technicians£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡get¡¡a¡¡form¡¡of¡¡State¡¡economy¡¡based¡¡on¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡49¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡
a¡¡small¡¡group¡¡of¡¡a¡¡ruling¡¡caste¡¡whose¡¡privilege¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡
management¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡workersand¡¡¡¡¡¡peasants¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡criticism¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡
control£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡communist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡deal¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
criticism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡avowedly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡££§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enormous¡¡
importance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attached¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡everybody¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡
collegiate¡¡control£»¡¡may¡¡bejudged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡at¡¡every¡¡conference¡¡I¡¡
attended£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡discussion¡¡to¡¡which¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡listened£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡point£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡minor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡importance£»¡¡
completely¡¡overshadowed¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡conscription¡¡which£»¡¡at¡¡
least¡¡inside¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Party£»¡¡seemed¡¡generally¡¡taken¡¡for¡¡granted¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡
may¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡now¡¡as¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Communists¡¡are¡¡in¡¡
favor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡object¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨workers'¡¡
control¡¨¡¡before¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡was¡¡to¡¡ensure¡¡that¡¡factories¡¡should¡¡be¡¡run¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡workers¡¡as¡¡well¡¡of¡¡employers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡Russia¡¡now¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡
employers¡¡other¡¡than¡¡the¡¡State¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡exclusively¡¡made¡¡up¡¡
of¡¡employees¡£¡¡£¨I¡¡am¡¡stating¡¡now¡¡the¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡at¡¡the¡¡last¡¡Trades¡¡
Union¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡present£»¡¡¡¡¡¡April£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1920¡££©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
¡¨workers'¡¡control¡¨¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡and¡¡more¡¡efficient¡¡manner¡¡than¡¡was¡¡
suggested¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡pre¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡statements¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡£¡¡
Further£»¡¡they¡¡say¡¡that¡¡if¡¡workers'¡¡control¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡identified¡¡with¡¡Trade¡¡
Union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡control£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡certainly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡supreme¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡those¡¡
matters¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
dominate¡¡the¡¡Commissariat¡¡of¡¡Labor£»¡¡are¡¡very¡¡largely¡¡represented¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
Supreme¡¡¡¡¡¡Council¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡¡¡¡¡Economy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fix¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rates¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡pay¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
own¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡£*£§£¨*£©The¡¡¡¡¡¡wages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡decided¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡
Unions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡draw¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨tariffs¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡country£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡basing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
calculations¡¡on¡¡three¡¡criteria£º¡¡£¨I£©¡¡The¡¡price¡¡of¡¡food¡¡in¡¡the¡¡open¡¡market¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡district¡¡where¡¡a¡¡workman¡¡is¡¡employed£»¡¡£¨2£©the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡food¡¡supplied¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡State¡¡on¡¡the¡¡card¡¡system£»¡¡£¨3£©the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workman¡£¡¡This¡¡last¡¡is¡¡
decided¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡section¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Factory¡¡¡¡¡¡Committee£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡
factory¡¡is¡¡an¡¡organ¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Union¡££§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enormous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡majority£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
however¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡quarrel¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡inside¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡party£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡length¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡avoid¡¡¡¡¡¡breaking¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡party¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡49¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡50¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡
discipline£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡resolutions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡
Congresses¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Communists¡¡Congresses¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡same¡¡subjects¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Consequently£»¡¡the¡¡questions¡¡which¡¡really¡¡agitate¡¡the¡¡
members£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡cleavages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡inside¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡majority£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
comparatively¡¡¡¡¡¡invisible¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡fought¡¡
over¡¡with¡¡great¡¡bitterness£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡fought¡¡over¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Unions¡once¡¡the¡¡Club¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nobility£»¡¡with¡¡on¡¡its¡¡walls¡¡on¡¡Congress¡¡days¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡hammer¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡spanner¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡engineers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pestle¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡trowel¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
builders£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Congresses¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Kremlin¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
problem¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡book¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡mainly¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned£»¡¡¡¡¡¡neither¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
regular¡¡¡¡¡¡business¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡¡¡¡¡squabbles¡¡¡¡¡¡affects¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
cardinal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crisis¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡
important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡