a study of bible-第22部分

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theme；　but　he　is　constantly　making　Biblical　allusions。　On　a　railway　journey　when　I　was　rereading　Carlyle's　Historical　Sketches；　I　found　a　direct　Biblical　reference　for　every　five　pages；　and　almost　numberless　allusions　beside。

The　〃Everlasting　Yea；〃　of　which　he　says　much；　he　gets；　as　you　at　once　recognize；　from　the　Scripture。　His　〃Heroes　and　Hero　Worship〃　is　based　on　an　idea　of　heroism　which　he　learned　from　the　Bible。　He　is　an　Old　Testament　prophet　of　present　times；　and；　while　he　degenerated　into　a　scold　before　he　was　through　with　it；　he　yet　spoke　with　the　thunderous　voice　of　a　true　prophet；　and　much　of　the　time　in　the　language　of　the　prophets。　Some　one　said　once　that　the　only　real　reverence　Carlyle　ever　had　was　for　the　person　of　Christ。　Certainly　there　is　no　note　of　sneer；　but　of　the　profoundest　regard　for　the　teaching；　the　ideas　and　the　history　of　the　Scripture。

The　name　of　Charles　Dickens　suggests　a　different　atmosphere。　He　is　a　New　Testament　prophet。　Where　Carlyle　has　caught　the　spirit　of　rugged　power　in　the　Old　Testament；　Dickens　has　caught　the　sense　of　kindly　love　in　the　New　Testament。　Dickens's　love　for　the　child；　the　fact　that　he　could　draw　children　as　he　could　draw　no　one　else　and　make　them　lovable；　suggests　the　value　to　him　of　those　frequent　references　which　he　makes　to　Christ　setting　a　child　in　the　midst　of　the　disciples。　It　is　notable；　too；　how　often　Dickens　uses　the　great　Scripture　phrases　for　his　most　dramatic　climaxes。　There　are　not　in　literature　many　finer　uses　of　Scripture　than　the　scene　in　Bleak　House；　where　the　poor　waif　Joe　is　dying；　and　while　his　friend　teaches　him　the　Lord's　Prayer　he　sees　the　light　coming。　A　Christmas　season　without　Dickens's　Christmas　Carol　would　be　incomplete；　but　there　again　is　the　Scripture　idea　pressed　forward。

George　Eliot　surely；　if　any　writer；　was　under　the　spell　of　the　Scripture。　One　of　her　critics　calls　her　the　historian　of　conscience。　All　of　her　heroes　and　heroines　know　the　lash　of　the　law。　She　knows　very　little　about　the　New　Testament；　one　would　judge；　but　the　one　thing　about　which　she　has　no　doubt　is　certainly　the　reign　of　moral　law。　If　a　man　will　not　yield　to　its　power；　it　will　break　him。　There　is　no　such　thing　as　breaking　the　moral　law；　there　is　nothing　but　being　broken　by　it。　Her　characters　are　always　quoting　the　Bible。　They　preach　a　great　deal。　She　tells　that　she　herself　wrote　Dinah　Morris's　sermon　on　the　green　with　tears　in　her　eyes。　She　meant　it　all。　While　her　own　religious　faith　was　clouded；　her　finest　characters　are　never　clouded　in　their　religious　faith；　and　she　grounds　their　faith　quite　invariably　on　their　early　training　in　the　Scripture。　It　is　an　interesting　fact　that　George　Eliot　has　no　principal　story　which　has　not　in　it　a　church；　and　a　priest　or　a　preacher；　with　all　that　they　involve。

Charles　Kingsley　is　grouped　hardly　fairly　in　this　list；　because　he　was　himself　a　preacher；　and　naturally　all　his　work　would　feel　the　power　of　the　Book；　which　he　chiefly　studied。　Professor　Masson　says　that　〃there　is　not　one　of　his　novels　which　has　not　the　power　of　Christianity　for　its　theme。〃　No　voice　was　raised　more　effectively　for　the　beginning　of　the　new　social　era　in　England　than　his。　Alton　Locke　and　Yeast　are　epoch…　making　books　in　the　life　of　the　common　people　of　England。　Even　Hypatia；　which　is　supposed　to　have　been　written　to　represent　entirely　pagan　surroundings；　is　full　of　Bible　phrases　and　ideas。

Lord　Macaulay　had　been　held　up　for　many　a　day　as　one　of　the　masters　of　style。　Such　great　writing　is　not　to　be　traced　to　any　one　influence。　It　could　not　have　been　easy　to　write　as　Macaulay　wrote。　Thackeray　may　have　exaggerated　in　saying　that　Macaulay　read　twenty　books　to　write　a　sentence；　and　traveled　a　hundred　miles　to　make　a　description；　but　all　his　writing　shows　the　power　of　taking　infinite　pains。　It　becomes　the　more　important；　therefore；　that　Macaulay　held　the　Bible　in　such　estimate　as　he　did。　〃In　calling　upon　Lady　Holland　one　day；　Lord　Macaulay　was　led　to　bring　the　attention　of　his　fair　hostess　to　the　fact　that　the　use　of　the　word　'talent'　to　mean　gifts　or　powers　of　the　mind；　as　when　we　speak　of　men　of　talent；　came　from　the　use　of　the　word　in　Christ's　parable　of　the　talents。　In　a　letter　to　his　sister　Hannah　he　describes　the　incident；　and　says　that　Lady　Holland　was　evidently　ignorant　of　the　parable。　'I　did　not　tell　her；'　he　adds；　'though　I　might　have　done　so；　that　a　person　who　professes　to　be　a　critic　in　the　delicacies　of　the　English　language　ought　to　have　the　Bible　at　his　fingers'　ends。'　〃　That　Macaulay　practised　his　own　preaching　you　would　quickly　find　by　referring　to　his　essays。　Take　three　sentences　from　the　Essay　on　Milton：　〃The　principles　of　liberty　were　the　scoff　of　every　growing　courtier；　and　the　Anathema　Maranatha　of　every　fawning　dean。　In　every　high　place　worship　was　paid　to　Charles　and　James；　Belial　and　Moloch；　and　England　propitiated　these　obscene　and　cruel　idols　with　the　blood　of　her　best　and　brightest　children。　Crime　succeeded　to　crime；　and　disgrace　to　disgrace；　until　the　race；　accursed　of　God　and　man；　was　a　second　time　driven　forth　to　wander　on　the　face　of　the　earth　and　to　be　a　by…word　and　a　shaking　of　the　head　to　the　nations。〃　In　three　sentences　here　are　six　allusions　to　Scripture。　In　that　same　essay；　in　the　paragraphs　on　the　Puritans；　the　allusions　are　a　multitude。　They　are　not　even　quoted。　They　are　taken　for　granted。　In　his　Essay　on　Machiavelli；　though　the　subject　does　not　suggest　it；　he　falls　into　Scriptural　phrases　over　and　over。　Listen　to　this；　〃A　time　was　at　hand　when　all　the　seven　vials　of　the　Apocalypse　were　to　be　poured　forth　and　shaken　out　over　those　pleasant　countries〃；　or　this；　〃All　the　curses　pronounced　of　old　against　Tyre　seemed　to　have　fallen　on　Venice。　Her　merchants　already　stood　afar　off　lamenting　for　their　great　city〃；　or　this；　〃In　the　energetic　language　of　the　prophet；　Machiavelli　was　mad　for　the　sight　of　his　eyes　which　he　saw。〃

And　if　Macaulay　is　baffling　in　the　abundance　of　material；　surely　John　Ruskin　is　worse。　Carlyle's　English　style　ran　into　excess　of　roughness；　Macaulay's　ran　into　excess　of　balance　and　delicacy。　John　Ruskin's　continued　to　be　the　smoothest；　easiest　style　in　our　English　literature。　He　also　was　a　Hebraic　spirit；　but　of　the　gentler　type。　Mr。　Chapman　calls　him　the　Elisha　to　Carlyle's；　Elijah；　a　capital　comparison。＇1＇　Ruskin　is　one　of　the　few　writers　who　have　told　us　what　formed　their　style。　In　the　first　chapter　of　Praeterita　he　pays　tribute　to　his　mother。　He　himself　chose　to　read　Walter　Scott　and　Pope's　Homer；　but　he　says：　〃My　mother　forced　me　by　steady　daily　toil　to　learn　long　chapters　of　the　Bible　by　heart；　as　well　as　to　read　it；　every　syllable　aloud；　hard　names　and　all；　from　Genesis　to　the　Apocalypse　about　once　a　year；　and　to　that　discipline　patient；　accurate；　and　resoluteI　owe　not　only　a　knowledge　of　the　Book　which　I　find　occasionally　serviceable；　but　much　of　my　general　power　of　taking　pains　and　the　best　part　of　my　taste　in　literature。〃　He　thinks　reading　Scott　might　have　led　to　other　novels　of　a　poorer　sort。　Reading　Pope　might　have　led　to　Johnson's　or　Gibbon's　English；　but　〃it　was　impossible　to　write　entirely　superficial　and　formal　English〃　while　he　knew　〃by　heart　the　thirty…　second　of　Deuteronomy；　the　fifteenth　of　I　Corinthians；　the　One　hundred　and　nineteenth　Psalm；　or　the　Sermon　on　the　Mount。〃　In　the　second　chapter　of　Praeterita　he　is　even　more　explicit。　〃I　have　next　with　deeper　gratitude　to　chronicle　what　I　owed　to　my　mother　for　the　resolute　persistent　lessons　which　so　exercised　me　in　the　Scripture；　as　to　make　every　word　of　them　familiar　in　my　ear　as　habitual　music；　yet　in　that　familiarity　reverenced　as　transcending　all　thought　and　ordering　all　conduct。〃　He　tells　how　his　mother　drilled　him。　As　soon　as　he　could　read　she　began　a　course　of　Bible　work　with　him。　They　read　alternate　verses　from　the　Genesis　to　the　Revelation；　names　and　all。　Daily　he　had　to　commit　verses　of　the　Scripture。　He　hated　the　One　hundred　and　nineteenth　Psalm　most；　but　he　lived　to　cherish　it　most。　In　his　old　Bible　he　found　the　list　of　twenty…six　chapters　taught　by　his　mother。


＇1＇　English　Literature　in　Account　with　Religion。


Not　only　was　Ruskin　well　trained　in　the　Bible；　but　he　was　a　great　teacher　of　it。　In　his　preface　to　the　Crown　of　Wild　Olives　he　answers　his　critics　by　saying　he　has　used　the　Book　for　some　forty　years。　〃My　endeavor　has　been　uniformly　to　make　men　read　it　more　deeply　than　they　do；　trust　it；　not　in　their　own　favorite　verses　only；　but　in　the　sum　of　it　all；　treat　it　not　as　a　fetish　or　a　talisman　which　they　are　to　be　saved　by　daily　repetition　of；　but　as　a　Captain's　order；　to　be　held　and　obeyed　at　their　peril。〃　In　the　introduction　to　the　Seven　Lamps　of　Architecture　he　urges　that　we　are　in　no　danger　of　too　much　use　of　the　Bible。　〃We　use　it　most　reverently　when　most　habitually。〃　Many　of　Ruskin's　most　striking　titles　come　straight　out　of　the　Scripture。　Crown　of　Wild　Olives；　Seven　Lamps；　Unto　this　Lastall　these　are　suggested　by　the　Bible。

It　is　almost　superfluous　to　speak　of　Robert　Louis　Stevenson。　John　Kelman　has　written　a　whole　book　on　the　religion　of　Stevenson；　and　it　is　available　for　all　readers。　He　was　raised　by　Cummy；　his　nurse；　whose　library　was　chiefly　the　Bible；　the　shorter　catechism；　and　the　Life　of　Robert　Murray　McCheyne。　He　said　that　the　fifty…eighth　chapter　of　Isaiah　was　his　special　chapter；　because　it　so　repudiated　cant　and　demanded　a　self…denying　beneficence。　He　loved　Bunyan's　Pilgrim's　Progress；　but　〃the　Bible　most　stood　him　in　hand。〃　Every　great　story　or　essay　shows　its　influence。　He　was　not　critical　with　it；　he　did　not　understand　it；　he　did　not　interpret　it　fairly；　but　he　felt　it。　His　Dr。　Jekyll　and　Mr。　Hyde　is　only　his　way　of　putting　into　modern　speech　Paul's　old　distinction　between　the　two　men　who　abide　in　each　of　us。　They　told　him　he　ought　not　to　work　in　Samoa；　and　he　replied　that　he　could　not　otherwise　be　true　to　the　great　Book　by　which　he　and　all　men　who　meant　to　do　great　work　must　live。　Over　the　shoulder　of　our　beloved　Robert　Louis　Stevenson　you　can　see　the　great　characters　of　Scripture　pressing　him　forward　to　his　best　work。

Not　so　much　can　be　said　of　Swinburne。　There　was　a　strong　infusion　of　acid　in　his　nature；　which　no　influence　entirely　destroyed。　He　is　apt　to　live　as　a　literary　critic　and　essayist；　th