a study of bible-第26部分
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he darkness shall cover us； in the darkness as in the light our obligations are yet with us。 We cannot escape from their power or fly from their presence。〃 It is religion which makes that sense of duty keen； and； whatever religion has done among English…speaking races； the English Bible has done； for it has been the text…book and the final authority of those races in the moving things of their faith。
It would be easiest in making the argument to single out here and there the striking events in which the Bible has figured and let them stand for the whole。 There are many such events； and they are attractive。
We can imagine ourselves standing on the shore at Dover in 1660； fifty years after the version was issued； waiting with the crowd to see the banished King return。 The civil war is over； the protectorate under Cromwell is past。 Charles II。； thick…lipped； sensuous； 〃seeming to belong rather to southern Europe than to Puritan England；〃 is about to land from France； whence the people； wearied with Puritan excesses； have called him back。 There is a great crowd； but they do not cheer wildly。 There is something serious on hand。 They mean to welcome the King； but it is on condition。 Their first act is when the Mayor of Dover places in his hands a copy of the English Bible； which the King declares he loves above all things in the world。 It proves only a sorry jest； but the English people think it is meant for truth； and they go to their homes rejoicing。 They rejoiced too soon； for this is that utterly faithless king for whom his witty courtier proposed an epitaph：
〃Here lies our sovereign lord； the king； Whose word no man relies on； Who never said a foolish thing； And never did a wise one。〃＇1＇
＇1＇ White； in his History of England； says that Charles replied that the explanation was easy： His discourses were his own； his actions were his ministry's！
As at other times； the King was only talking with no meaning； but the people did not know him yet。 They had made their Bible the great test of their liberties： will a king stand by that or will he not？ If he will not； let him remember Charles the First！ And from that day no English king； no American leader； has ever successfully restricted English…speaking people from free access to their great Book。 It has become a banner of their liberties。 The child was wiser than he knew when he was asked what lesson we may learn from Charles I。； and replied that we may learn that a man should not lose his head in times of excitement。 Charles lost his head long before he laid it on the block。
Besides the scene at Dover； we may watch that great emigration of the Scotch…Irish from Ulster； beginning in 1689； seventy years after the Puritan exodus and eighty years after the version was issued； which peopled the backwoods of America with a choice； strong population。 They were only following the right to worship freely； the right to their Bible without chains on its lids or on the lips of its preachers。 They were making no protest against Romanism nor against Anglicanism in themselves。 They only claimed the right to worship as they would。 Under William and Mary； after James II。 had fled to France； toleration became the law in England； but when Ireland was reconquered by William's generals； the act of toleration was not extended to it。 Baptists； Presbyterians； all except the small Anglican Church； were put under the ban and forbidden to worship。 But the Bible had made submission impossible； and there came about that great exodus to the new land which has so blessed it。
There are other signal events which might be observed。 But all the while there would be danger of magnifying the importance of events which seem to prove the point。 The view needs to be a more general one instead。 The period is not longthree hundred years at the most though it has a background of all English history。 We have already seen how from the first there have been determined efforts to make the Bible common to the people； yet； of course； the influence of our version can appear only in these three hundred years since it was issued。 That short period has not only been interesting almost to the point of excitement in English life； but it covers virtually all American life。 Take； therefore； the broader view of the influence of the English Bible on history； apart from these striking events。
It is to be assumed at once that much of its influence is indirect。 Indeed； its chief influence must be through men who prove to be leaders and through that public sentiment without which leaders are powerless。 If leaders live by it and stand or fall by its teaching； then their work is its work。 If they find a public sentiment issuing from it which gives them power； a sentiment which crystallizes around them when they appear； because it is of kindred spirit with themselves； then the power of that sentiment is the power of the Bible。 The influence of Pilgrim's Progress or The Saint's Rest is the influence of Bunyan and Baxter； but back of them is the Bible。 In language； in idea； in spirit； they were only making the Bible a common Book to their readers。 Their value for life and history is the Bible's value for life and history。
The power of great souls is frequently and easily underestimated。 Scientific study has tended to that by magnifying visible conditions and by trying to calculate the force of laws which are in plain sight。 Buckle's theory of civilization has influenced our times greatly。 It explains national character as the outcome of natural conditions； and lays such stress on circumstances as left it possible for Buckle to declare that history and biography are in different spheres。 It is still true； however； that most history turns on biography。 Great souls have been the chief factors in great movements。 Whether the movement could have occurred without them will never be possible to decide； if it should be disputed。 In a chemical laboratory the essential factors of any phenomenon can be determined by the process of elimination。 All the elements which preceded it except one can be introduced； if the result is the same as in its presence； manifestly it is not essential。 So the experiment can go on until the result becomes different； when it is evident that the last omitted element is an essential one。 But no such process is possible in great historical movements。 The only course open to us is to consider carefully the elements which do appear。
Take three great movements which are easiest to follow in these three centuries。 Whether the spiritual independence of England would have been secured without the Quakers may be debated； but this fact can hardly be debated： certainly it was not so secured； whether or not the Quakers could have been without George Fox； certainly they did not occur without him。 Take the second： whether or not some other movement could have done what Puritanism did is hardly a question for history； Puritanism actually did the work for England and America which gave both their strongest qualities。 There is no testing the period to see whether Puritanism could be left out。 There it stands as a powerful factor； and no analysis of the history can possibly omit it。 Or the third： it is not a question for a historian whether English history could have been the same without Methodism and whether Methodism could have been at all without the Wesleys； certainly nothing took its place； nor did any one else stand at the head of the movement。
Here are these three great movements； not to seek others。 All of them have had tremendous influence in the religious and political history of both the nations where they have moved most freely。 Each of them is a direct and undisputed result of the influence of the Bible。 Much has already been said of the Puritans in England； and there will be occasion to see what was their influence in America。 But think for a moment of the Quakers。 James Freeman Clark calls them the English mystics； certainly they were more than that。＇1＇ George Fox had little learning but the Bible； that he knew well。 He first came to himself out in the fields alone with the Bible。 He was not stirred to the origin of the movement nor to his greatest activity by experiences he had in public places。 He came to those public places profoundly affected by his familiarity with the English Bible。 He came at a time when his protest was needed； a protest against formalism； against mere outward conformity。 A thousand years before； Mohammedanism had really saved the Christian faith by its protest； violent and merciless； against its errors； challenging it to purity in faith and life。 Now Fox and the Quakers saved church life by protest against church life。 The Bible was still the law； but not the Bible which you read for me； but that which you read for you and I for me； each of us guided by an inner light。 The Quaker movement was a distinct protest against church formalism in the interests of freedom of the Bible。
＇1＇ David Gregg； The Quakers in America。
That Quaker influence was far stronger in America than it ever proved to be in England。 George Fox himself visited the colonies and extended its influence。 Three great effects are easily traceable。 The very presence of the Quakers in the New England colonies； notably in Massachusetts； and the persecutions which they endured； did more to purify the Puritans than any other one influence。 One is only loyal to the Puritan character and teaching in declaring that in the manner of the Puritans toward the Quakers they were wrong； they were wrong because they were untrue to their own belief； untrue to their own Bibles； and when the more thoughtful among them found that they were taking the attitude toward the Quakers which they had resented toward themselves； remembering that the Quakers were drawing their teaching from the same Bible as themselves； they were naturally checked。 And； while the Quakers in New England suffered greatly； their suffering proved the purification of the Puritans。 It accented and so it removed the narrowness of Puritan practice。 Further； the Quaker movement gave to American history William Penn and the whole constitution of Pennsylvania。 It was there that a state first lived by the principle which William Penn pronounced： 〃Any government is f
