the greatness of cities-第2部分

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he　wealthiest　persons　of　the　cities　he　had　subdued。　And　the　Ottomans；　to　make　the　city　of　Constantinople　rich　and　great；　they　have　brought　to　it　many　thousand　families；　especially　artificers；　out　of　the　cities　they　have　subdued；　as　Mahomet　II　from　Trebizond；　Selim　I　from　Cairo　and　Soliman　from　Tauris。

　6。　Of　pleasure

　　　　Men　are　also　drawn　to　live　together　in　society　through　the　delight　and　pleasure　that　either　the　site　of　the　place　or　the　art　of　man　doth　minister　and　yield　unto　them。　The　site；　by　the　freshness　of　the　air；　the　pleasant　view　of　the　valleys；　the　pleasing　shade　of　the　woods；　the　commodity　to　hunt；　and　the　abundance　of　good　waters；　of　all　which　good　things　Antioch　in　Syria　is　liberally　endowed；　and　Damascus　no　less；　and　Brusa　in　Bithynia；　Cordova　and　Seville　in　Spain；　and　many　other　good　towns　elsewhere。　Unto　art　belongeth　the　straight　and　fair　streets　of　a　city；　the　magnificent　and　gorgeous　buildings　therein　either　for　art　or　matter；　the　theatres；　porches；　circles；　races　for　running　horses；　fountains；　images；　pictures；　and　such　other　excellent　and　wonderful　things　as　delight　and　feed　the　eyes　of　the　people　with　an　admiration　and　wonder　at　them。　　　　　The　city　of　Thespis　was　frequented　for　the　excellent　workmanship　sake　of　the　image　of　Cupid；　Samos　for　the　marvellous　greatness　of　the　temple；　Alexandria　for　the　tower　of　Pharos；　Memphis　for　the　Pyramids；　Rhodes　for　the　Colossus。　And　how　many　shall　we　think　have　gone　to　Babylon　to　see　the　wondrous　walls　that　Semiramis　had　made　about　it？　The　Romans　many　times　willingly　went　for　their　recreations'　sake　to　Syracuse；　Mytilene；　Smyrna；　Rhodes　and　Pergamum；　even　to　take　the　benefit　of　the　air　and　to　behold　the　beauty　of　those　same　cities。　To　conclude；　all　that　ever　feedeth　the　eye　and　delighteth　the　sense　of　man　and　hath　any　exquisite　and　curious　workmanship　in　it；　all　that　ever　is　rare；　strange；　new；　unwonted；　extraordinary；　admirable；　magnificent；　great　or　singular　by　cunning；　appertaineth　to　this　head。　　　　　And　amongst　all　the　cities　of　Europe；　Rome　and　Venice　are　the　most　frequented　for　the　pleasures　and　delights　they　minister　to　all　the　beholders　of　them。　Rome　for　the　exceeding　wonderful　relics　of　her　ancient　greatness；　and　Venice　for　the　gloriousness　of　her　present　and　magnificent　estate。　Rome　filleth　the　eye　with　wonder　and　delight　at　the　greatness　of　her　conduits；　the　rareness　of　her　baths　and　hugeness　of　her　colossi；　as　also　at　the　art　of　her　admirable　works；　both　in　marble　and　in　brass；　wrought　by　excellent　artificers；　at　the　height　and　hugeness　of　her　obelisks；　at　the　multitude　and　variety　of　pillars；　at　the　diversity　and　fineness　of　strange　marble；　the　exquisite　and　curious　cutting　of　it；　the　porphyry；　alabaster；　marble　white；　black；　grey；　yellow　and　mixed；　and　serpentine；　the　great　ruins；　the　holy　gates；　and　a　number　of　other　sorts　and　kinds　besides；　which　were　too　hard　to　recount　and　impossible　to　distinguish。　What　shall　I　say　of　the　triumphal　arches；　of　the　seven　zones　or　circles；　of　the　temples；　and　what　of　a　number　of　other　wonders　else？　And　what　shall　we　imagine　that　city　was　when　she　flourished　and　triumphed；　if　now；　while　she　lieth　thus　defaced　and　is　none　other　than　a　sepulture　of　herself　she　allureth　us　to　see　her；　and　feedeth　us　insatiably　with　the　ruins　of　herself。　　　　　On　the　other　side；　Venice；　with　the　wonder　of　her　incomparable　situation　（which　seemeth　the　act　of　nature；　by　giving　laws　to　the　waters　and　setting　a　bridle　on　the　sea）　ministereth　unto　us　no　less　admiration　and　wonder　at　it。　The　greatness　also　of　her　inestimable　Arsenal；　the　multitude　of　ships　both　of　war；　of　traffic　and　of　passage；　the　incredible　number　of　warlike　instruments；　ordnance　and　munition；　and　of　all　matter　of　preparations　for　the　seas；　the　height　of　the　towers；　the　riches　of　the　churches；　the　magnificence　of　the　palaces；　the　beautifulness　of　the　streets；　the　variety　of　the　arts；　the　order　of　her　government；　the　beauty　of　the　one　and　other　sex；　doth　dazzle　and　amaze　the　eyes　of　the　beholders　of　them。

　7。　Of　profit

　　　　This　profit　is　of　such　power　to　unite　and　tie　men　fast　unto　one　place；　as　the　other　causes　aforesaid；　without　this　accompany　them　withal；　are　not　sufficient　to　make　any　city　great。　　　　　Not　authority　alone；　for　if　the　place　whereto　men　are　drawn　through　the　authority　of　any　afford　them　no　commodity；　they　will　not　abide　nor　tarry　there。　　　　　Neither　yet　necessity；　for　such　a　congregation　and　collection　of　people　increaseth；　multiplieth　and　lasteth　for　many　years；　and　necessity　is　violent；　and　violence　cannot　produce　any　durable　effect。　So　that　it　comes　to　pass　that　not　only　cities　do　not　increase；　but　also　states　and　principalities　gotten　with　mere　strength　and　violence　cannot　be　long　maintained。　They　are　much　like　land　floods　that　have　no　head　nor　spring；　as　rivers　have　that　minister　perpetually　plenty　of　waters　to　them；　but　casually　and　in　a　moment　rise　and　swell；　and　by　and　by　assuage　and　fall　again；　so　that　as　they　are　to　travellers　fearful　in　their　swellings；　so　do　they　fall　again　within　a　while；　so　fast　as　travellers　may　soon　pass　away　on　foot　again　dry。　　　　　Such　were　the　conquests　of　the　Tartars；　that　have　so　oft　invaded　Asia　and　put　it　to　the　sword；　of　Alexander　the　Great；　of　Attila；　of　great　Tamburlane；　of　Charles　VIII　and　of　Louis　the　Twelfth　king　of　France。　And　the　reason　thereof　is　that　our　nature　is　so　great　a　lover；　and　longeth　after　commodity　so　much；　as　that　it　is　not　possible　to　quiet　and　content　her　with　that　which　is　no　more　but　necessary。　For　as　plants　although　they　be　set　deep　enough　within　the　ground；　cannot　for　all　that　last　and　be　long　kept　without　the　favour　of　the　heavens　and　the　benefit　of　rain；　even　so　the　habitations　of　men；　enforced　at　first　by　mere　necessity；　are　not　maintained　long　if　profit　and　commodity　go　not　companions　with　it。　Much　less　then　is　pleasure　and　delight　of　any　moment。　For　man　is　born　to　labour；　and　most　men　attend　their　business；　and　the　idler　sort　are　of　no　account　nor　reckoning；　and　their　idleness　is　built　and　founded　upon　the　labours　and　the　industry　of　those　that　work。　And　pleasure　cannot　stand　without　profit　and　commodity；　whereof　she　is；　as　it　were；　the　very　fruit。　　　　　Now　suppose　that　profit　is　the　very　thing　from　whence；　as　from　the　principal　cause；　the　greatness　of　cities　groweth　（for　the　same　profit　is　not　simple　and　of　one　sort　but　of　divers　forms　and　kinds）。　It　resteth　therefore　now　that　we　see　what　matter　of　commodity　and　profit　is　most　fit　for　the　end　whereof　we　have　disputed　all　this　while。　We　say　then　that　to　make　a　city　great　and　famous；　the　commodity　of　the　site；　the　fertility　of　the　soil　and　easiness　of　conduct　helpeth　sufficiently　enough。

　8。　The　commodity　of　the　site

　　　　I　call　that　a　commodious　site　that　serves　in　such　sort　as　many　people　thereof　need　for　their　traffic　and　transportation　of　their　goods　whereof　they　have　more　plenty　than　they　need；　or　for　receiving　of　things　whereof　they　have　scarcity　so　that　this　site；　standing　thus　between　both；　partaketh　with　both；　and　groweth　rich　with　the　extremes。　I　say　partaketh　with　the　extremes　because　it　cannot　otherwise　increase　the　greatness　of　a　city；　forasmuch　as　it　must　either　remain　desert　or　else　not　serve　but　for　a　simple　passage。　　　　　Derbent；　a　town　seated　in　the　ports　of　the　Caspian　Seas；　is　a　very　necessary　place；　to　go　from　Persia　into　Tartary　or　from　Tartary　into　Persia：　yet　notwithstanding；　it　never　grew　great　nor　no　famous　city；　and　in　these　our　days　there　is　no　reckoning　made　of　it。　And　the　reason　is　for　that　it　partaketh　not　of　these　extremes；　but　serveth　for　passage　only；　and　receiveth　those　that　travel　to　and　fro　not　as　merchants　and　men　of　commerce　and　traffic；　but　as　passengers　and　travellers；　and　to　speak　in　a　word；　it　is　seated　sure　in　a　very　necessary　place；　as　the　case　standeth；　but　not　profitably　unto　itself。　　　　　For　the　selfsame　cause；　in　the　straits　of　the　Alps　which　for　the　most　part　do　compass　Italy；　although　the　Frenchmen；　Switzers；　Dutchmen　and　Italians　continually　do　pass　by　them；　there　never　yet　was　found　a　mean　city；　much　less　any　great　and　stately　one。　　　　　The　like　may　be　said　of　many　other　cities　and　places。　For　Suez　is　a　very　necessary　place　for　them　that　came　out　of　the　Indies　by　the　Red　Sea　to　Cairo。　The　islands　of　St。　James；　and　the　Palma　and　Terceira　are　necessary　for　the　Portuguese　and　Spaniards　to　sail　to　the　Indies；　Brazil　and　to　the　New　World；　yet　neither　is　there；　nor　never　will　be　in　those　same　places；　city　of　good　importance。　As　neither　also　is　there　in　the　islands　between　Denmark　and　Sweden；　nor　yet　between　Mare　Germanicum　and　Mare　Balticum。　And　Flushing；　although　it　be　situated　in　a　passage　of　incredible　necessity；　for　the　commerce　and　traffic　there　is　between　the　Flemings；　Englishmen　and　other　nations；　yet　never　grew　it　great　but　still　remains　a　very　little　town。　But　contrariwise　Genoa　is　a　great　city；　and　so　is　Venice；　because　they　partake　of　the　extremes；　and　serve　not　only　as　for　passages　but　much　more　for　store…houses；　cellarage　and　warehouses　of　merchandise；　most　plentifully　brought　unto　them。　And　so　is　likewise　Lisbon；　Antwerp　and　some　other。　It　sufficeth　not　enough　therefore　to　the　making　of　a　city　magnificent　and　great　that　the　site　thereof　be　necessary；　but　it　must　withal　be　commodious　to　other　counties　that　are　borderers；　or　near　unto　it。

　9。　Of　the　fruitfulness　of　the　soil

　　　　The　second　cause　of　the　greatness　of　a　city　is　the　fruitfulness　of　the　country。　For　the　sustenance　of　the　life　of　man；　consisting　on　food　and　clothing；　and　both　of　them　gotten　out　of　those　things　the　earth　doth　produce；　the　fruitfulness　of　the　country　cannot　but　be　a　mighty　help　unto　it。　And　if　it　fall　out　to　be　so　great　as　it　not　only　well　sufficeth　to　maintain　the　inhabitants　thereof；　but　also　to　supply　the　wants　of　their　bordering　neighbours；　it　serveth　our　purpose　so　much　the　better。　And　forasmuch　as　all　soils　produce　not　all　things；　how　much　more　rich　and　more　able　a　country　shall　be　to　produce　divers　and　sundry　things　of　profit　and　commodity；　so　much　the　more　sufficient　and　fit　it　will　be　found　to　raise　a　great　city。　For　by　that　means　it　shall　have　the　less　need　of　others　（which　enforceth　people　otherwhile　to　leave　their　habitations）　and　be　able　to　afford　the　more　to　others　（which　draweth　our　neighbours　t