the essays of montaigne, v3-第5部分
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money。 I was born betwixt eleven and twelve o'clock in the forenoon the
last day of February 1533; according to our computation; beginning the
year the 1st of January;'This was in virtue of an ordinance of Charles
IX。 in 1563。 Previously the year commenced at Easter; so that the 1st
January 1563 became the first day of the year 1563。'and it is now but
just fifteen days since I was complete nine…and…thirty years old; I make
account to live; at least; as many more。 In the meantime; to trouble a
man's self with the thought of a thing so far off were folly。 But what?
Young and old die upon the same terms; no one departs out of life
otherwise than if he had but just before entered into it; neither is any
man so old and decrepit; who; having heard of Methuselah; does not think
he has yet twenty good years to come。 Fool that thou art! who has
assured unto thee the term of life? Thou dependest upon physicians'
tales: rather consult effects and experience。 According to the common
course of things; 'tis long since that thou hast lived by extraordinary
favour; thou hast already outlived the ordinary term of life。 And that
it is so; reckon up thy acquaintance; how many more have died before they
arrived at thy age than have attained unto it; and of those who have
ennobled their lives by their renown; take but an account; and I dare lay
a wager thou wilt find more who have died before than after five…and…
thirty years of age。 It is full both of reason and piety; too; to take
example by the humanity of Jesus Christ Himself; now; He ended His life
at three…and…thirty years。 The greatest man; that was no more than a
man; Alexander; died also at the same age。 How many several ways has
death to surprise us?
〃Quid quisque; vitet; nunquam homini satis
Cautum est in horas。〃
'〃Be as cautious as he may; man can never foresee the danger that
may at any hour befal him。〃 Hor。 O。 ii。 13; 13。'
To omit fevers and pleurisies; who would ever have imagined that a duke
of Brittany; 'Jean II。 died 1305。'should be pressed to death in a
crowd as that duke was at the entry of Pope Clement; my neighbour; into
Lyons? 'Montaigne speaks of him as if he had been a contemporary
neighbour; perhaps because he was the Archbishop of Bordeaux。 Bertrand
le Got was Pope under the title of Clement V。; 1305…14。' Hast thou not
seen one of our kings 'Henry II。; killed in a tournament; July 10;
1559' killed at a tilting; and did not one of his ancestors die by
jostle of a hog? 'Philip; eldest son of Louis le Gros。' AEschylus;
threatened with the fall of a house; was to much purpose circumspect to
avoid that danger; seeing that he was knocked on the head by a tortoise
falling out of an eagle's talons in the air。 Another was choked with a
grape…stone; 'Val。 Max。; ix。 12; ext。 2。' an emperor killed with
the scratch of a comb in combing his head。 AEmilius Lepidus with a
stumble at his own threshold;'Pliny; Nat。 Hist。; vii。 33。' and
Aufidius with a jostle against the door as he entered the council…
chamber。 And betwixt the very thighs of women; Cornelius Gallus the
proctor; Tigillinus; captain of the watch at Rome; Ludovico; son of Guido
di Gonzaga; Marquis of Mantua; and (of worse example) Speusippus; a
Platonic philosopher; and one of our Popes。〃 The poor judge Bebius gave
adjournment in a case for eight days; but he himself; meanwhile; was
condemned by death; and his own stay of life expired。 Whilst Caius
Julius; the physician; was anointing the eyes of a patient; death closed
his own; and; if I may bring in an example of my own blood; a brother of
mine; Captain St。 Martin; a young man; three…and…twenty years old; who
had already given sufficient testimony of his valour; playing a match at
tennis; received a blow of a ball a little above his right ear; which; as
it gave no manner of sign of wound or contusion; he took no notice of it;
nor so much as sat down to repose himself; but; nevertheless; died within
five or six hours after of an apoplexy occasioned by that blow。
These so frequent and common examples passing every day before our eyes;
how is it possible a man should disengage himself from the thought of
death; or avoid fancying that it has us every moment by the throat? What
matter is it; you will say; which way it comes to pass; provided a man
does not terrify himself with the expectation? For my part; I am of this
mind; and if a man could by any means avoid it; though by creeping under
a calf's skin; I am one that should not be ashamed of the shift; all I
aim at is; to pass my time at my ease; and the recreations that will most
contribute to it; I take hold of; as little glorious and exemplary as you
will:
〃Praetulerim 。 。 。 delirus inersque videri;
Dum mea delectent mala me; vel denique fallant;
Quam sapere; et ringi。〃
'〃I had rather seem mad and a sluggard; so that my defects are
agreeable to myself; or that I am not painfully conscious of them;
than be wise; and chaptious。〃Hor。; Ep。; ii。 2; 126。'
But 'tis folly to think of doing anything that way。 They go; they come;
they gallop and dance; and not a word of death。 All this is very fine;
but withal; when it comes either to themselves; their wives; their
children; or friends; surprising them at unawares and unprepared; then;
what torment; what outcries; what madness and despair! Did you ever see
anything so subdued; so changed; and so confounded? A man must;
therefore; make more early provision for it; and this brutish negligence;
could it possibly lodge in the brain of any man of sense (which I think
utterly impossible); sells us its merchandise too dear。 Were it an enemy
that could be avoided; I would then advise to borrow arms even of
cowardice itself; but seeing it is not; and that it will catch you as
well flying and playing the poltroon; as standing to't like an honest
man:
〃Nempe et fugacem persequitur virum;
Nec parcit imbellis juventae
Poplitibus timidoque tergo。〃
'〃He pursues the flying poltroon; nor spares the hamstrings of the
unwarlike youth who turns his back〃Hor。; Ep。; iii。 2; 14。'
And seeing that no temper of arms is of proof to secure us:
〃Ille licet ferro cautus; se condat et aere;
Mors tamen inclusum protrahet inde caput〃
'〃Let him hide beneath iron or brass in his fear; death will pull
his head out of his armour。〃Propertious iii。 18'
let us learn bravely to stand our ground; and fight him。 And to begin
to deprive him of the greatest advantage he has over us; let us take a
way quite contrary to the common course。 Let us disarm him of his
novelty and strangeness; let us converse and be familiar with him; and
have nothing so frequent in our thoughts as death。 Upon all occasions
represent him to our imagination in his every shape; at the stumbling of
a horse; at the falling of a tile; at the least prick with a pin; let us
presently consider; and say to ourselves; 〃Well; and what if it had been
death itself?〃 and; thereupon; let us encourage and fortify ourselves。
Let us evermore; amidst our jollity and feasting; set the remembrance of
our frail condition before our eyes; never suffering ourselves to be so
far transported with our delights; but that we have some intervals of
reflecting upon; and considering how many several ways this jollity of
ours tends to death; and with how many dangers it threatens it。 The
Egyptians were wont to do after this manner; who in the height of their
feasting and mirth; caused a dried skeleton of a man to be brought into
the room to serve for a memento to their guests:
〃Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum
Grata superveniet; quae non sperabitur; hora。〃
'〃Think each day when past is thy last; the next day; as unexpected;
will be the more welcome。〃〃…Hor。; Ep。; i。 4; 13。'
Where death waits for us is uncertain; let us look for him everywhere。
The premeditation of death is the premeditation of liberty; he who has
learned to die has unlearned to serve。 There is nothing evil in life for
him who rightly comprehends that the privation of life is no evil: to
know; how to die delivers us from all subjection and constraint。 Paulus
Emilius answered him whom the miserable King of Macedon; his prisoner;
sent to entreat him that he would not lead him in his triumph; 〃Let him
make that request to himself。〃 ' Plutarch; Life of Paulus Aemilius;
c。 17; Cicero; Tusc。; v。 40。'
In truth; in all things; if nature do not help a little; it is very hard
for art and industry to perform anything to purpose。 I am in my own
nature not melancholic; but meditative; and there is nothing I have more
continually entertained myself withal than imaginations of death; even in
the most wanton time of my age:
〃Jucundum quum aetas florida ver ageret。〃
'〃When my florid age rejoiced in pleasant spring。〃
Catullus; lxviii。'
In the company of ladies; and at games; some have perhaps thought me
possessed with some jealousy; or the uncertainty of some hope; whilst I
was entertaining myself with the remembrance of some one; surprised; a
few days before; with a burning fever of which he died; returning from an
entertainment like this; with his head full of idle fancies of love and
jollity; as mine was then; and that; for aught I knew; the same…destiny
was attending me。
〃Jam fuerit; nec post unquam revocare licebit。〃
'〃Presently the present will have gone; never to be recalled。〃
Lucretius; iii。 928。'
Yet did not this thought wrinkle my forehead any more than any other。
It is impossible but we must feel a sting in such imaginations as these;
at first; but with often turning and returning them in one's mind; they;
at last; become so familiar as to be no trouble at all: otherwise; I; for
my part; should be in a perpetual fright and frenzy; for never man was so
distrustful of his life; never man so uncertain as to its duration。
Neither health; which I have hitherto ever enjoyed very strong and
vigorous; and ver