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which　I　am　about　to　read　to　you　may　serve　to　illustrate　what






probably　took　place；　though　there　is　nothing　except　common






humanity　to　connect　the　tribes　of　whose　customs　it　speaks　with






the　primitive　Teutons　and　Celts。　The　Rev　H。　Dugmore；　in　a　most






interesting　volume；　called　a　'Compendium　of　Kafir　Laws　and






Customs；'　and　published　at　the　Wesleyan　Missionary　Press；　Mount






Coke；　British　Kaffraria；　writes　thus　of　much　the　most　advanced　of






the　South　African　native　races；　the　Kafirs　or　Zulus　（p。　27）：　'As






cattle　constitute　the　sole　wealth　of　the　people；　so　they　are






their　only　medium　of　such　transactions　as　involve　exchange；






payment；　or　reward。　The　retainers　of　a　chief　serve　him　for






cattle；　nor　is　it　expected　that　he　could　maintain　his　influence；






or　indeed　secure　any　number　of　followers；　if　unable　to　provide






them　with　what　at　once　constitutes　their　money；　food；　and






clothing。　He　requires；　then；　a　constant　fund　from　which　to






satisfy　his　dependants；　and　the　amount　of　the　fund　required　may






be　judged　of　from　the　character　of　the　demand　made　upon　him。　His






retinue；　court；　or　whatever　it　is　to　be　called；　consists　of　men






from　all　parts　of　the　tribe；　the　young；　the　clever；　and　the






brave；　who　come　to　do　court　service　for　a　time；　that　they　may






obtain　cattle　to　furnish　them　with　the　means　of　procuring　wives；






arms；　or　other　objects　of　desire。　On　obtaining　these　they　return






to　their　homes　and　give　place　to　others。　Thus　the　immediate






retinue　of　a　chief　is　continually　changing；　and　constitutes　a






permanent　drain　on　his　resources。'　Mr　Dugmore　goes　on　to　state






that　the　sources　of　the　chief's　wealth　are　the　inherited　cattle






of　his　father；　offerings　made　to　him　on　the　ceremony　of　his






circumcision；　benevolences　levied　from　his　tribe；　fines　and






confiscations；　and　the　results　of　predatory　excursions。






　　　　The　remarkable　part　played　by　kine　in　ancient　Irish　society






will；　I　hope；　be　made　more　intelligible　in　the　next　Lecture。






Meantime；　let　me　observe　that　the　two　Celtic　societies　included






in　these　islands　which　longest　retained　their　ancient　usages　were






both　notoriously　given　to　the　plunder　of　cattle。　Lord　Macaulay；






in　speaking　of　Irish　cattle…stealing；　sometimes；　I　must　own；






seems　to　me　to　express　himself　as　if　he　thought　the　practice






attributable　to　some　native　vice　of　Irish　character；　but　no　doubt






it　was　what　Mr　Tylor　has　taught　us　to　call　a　survival；　an　ancient






and　inveterate　habit；　which　in　this　case　continued　through　the






misfortune　which　denied　to　Ireland　the　great　condition　of　modern






legal　ideas；　a　strong　central　government。　The　very　same　practice；






among　the　Celts　of　the　Scottish　Highlands　and　the　rude　Germanic






population　of　the　Lowland　Border；　has　almost　been　invested　by　one






man's　genius　with　the　dignity　of　a　virtue。　Again；　turning　to






'Waverley；'　I　suppose　there　is　no　truer　representative　of　the






primitive　Celtic　chief　than　Donald　Bean　Lean；　who　drives　the






cattle　of　Tully　Veolan；　and　employs　a　soothsayer　to　predict　the






number　of　beeves　which　are　likely　to　come　in　his　Way。　He　is　a　far






more　genuine　'survival'　than　Fergus　McIvor；　who　all　but　deserts






his　cause　for　a　disappointment　about　an　earldom。






　　　　It　has　been　pointed　out　that　the　status　of　the　King's






Companions　was　at　first　in　some　way　servile。　Whenever　legal






expression　has　to　be　given　to　the　relations　of　the　Comitatus　to






the　Teutonic　kings；　the　portions　of　the　Roman　law　selected　are






uniformly　those　which　declare　the　semi…servile　relation　of　the






Client　or　Freedman　to　his　Patron。　The　Brehon　law　permits　us　to






take　the　same　view　of　the　corresponding　class　in　Celtic






societies。　Several　texts　indicate　that　a　Chief　of　high　degree　is






always　expected　to　surround　himself　with　unfree　dependants；　and






you　will　recollect　that　the　retinue　of　the　King　of　Erin　was　to






consist　not　only　of　free　tribesmen　but　of　a　bodyguard　of　men






bound　to　him　by　servile　obligations。　So　far　as　it　goes；　I　quite






agree　with　the　explanation　which　Mr　Freeman　has　given　of　the






original　connection　between　servile　status　and　that　nobility　with






which　the　primitive　nobility　of　birth　has　become　mixed　up　and






confounded。　'The　lowly　clientage；'　he　says；　'of　the　Roman






Patrician　and　the　noble　following　of　the　Hellenic　and　Teutonic






leader　may　really　come　from　the　same　source；　and　may　both　alike






be　parts　of　the　same　primeval　heritage。'　（'　Comparative






Politics；'　p。　261。）　But　perhaps　we　may　permit　ourselves　to　go　a






step　beyond　this　account。　The　Comitatus　or　Companions　of　the






Chief；　even　when　they　were　freemen；　were　not　necessarily　Or






ordinarily　his　near　kindred。　Their　dependence　on　him；　carrying






with　it　friendship　and　affection；　would　in　modern　societies　place






them　in　a　position　well　understood；　and　on　something　like　an






equality　with　him；　but　in　the　beginning　of　things　one　man　was






always　the　kinsman；　the　slave；　or　the　enemy　of　another；　and　mere






friendship　and　affection　would；　by　themselves；　create　no　tie






between　man　and　man。　In　order　that　they　might　have　any　reality；






they　would　have　to　be　considered　as　establishing　one　of　the






relations　known　to　that　stage　of　thought。　Between　equals　this






would　be　assumed　or　fictitious　kinship。　But　between　the　Chief　who






embodied　purity　of　tribal　descent　and　his　associates；　it　would






have　more　or　less　to　follow　the　pattern　of　the　slave's　dependence






on　his　master；　and；　where　the　Companion　was　not　actually　the






Chief's　slave；　the　bond　which　connected　them　would　very　probably






be　adapted　to　the　more　honourable　model　furnished　by　the　relation






between　ex…slave　and　ex…master。