record of buddhistic kingdoms-第10部分

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dha's　skull；　deposited　in　a　vihara＇3＇　adorned　all　over　with　gold…　leaf　and　the　seven　sacred　substances。　The　king　of　the　country；　revering　and　honouring　the　bone；　and　anxious　lest　it　should　be　stolen　away；　has　selected　eight　individuals；　representing　the　great　families　in　the　kingdom；　and　committing　to　each　a　seal；　with　which　he　should　seal　（its　shrine）　and　guard　（the　relic）。　At　early　dawn　these　eight　men　come；　and　after　each　has　inspected　his　seal；　they　open　the　door。　This　done；　they　wash　their　hands　with　scented　water　and　bring　out　the　bone；　which　they　place　outside　the　vihara；　on　a　lofty　platform；　where　it　is　supported　on　a　round　pedestal　of　the　seven　precious　substances；　and　covered　with　a　bell　of　/lapis　lazuli/；　both　adorned　with　rows　of　pearls。　Its　colour　is　of　a　yellowish　white；　and　it　forms　an　imperfect　circle　twelve　inches　round；＇4＇　curving　upwards　to　the　centre。　Every　day；　after　it　has　been　brought　forth；　the　keepers　of　the　vihara　ascend　a　high　gallery；　where　they　beat　great　drums；　blow　conchs；　and　clash　their　copper　cymbals。　When　the　king　hears　them；　he　goes　to　the　vihara；　and　makes　his　offerings　of　flowers　and　incense。　When　he　has　done　this；　he　（and　his　attendants）　in　order；　one　after　another；　（raise　the　bone）；　place　it　（for　a　moment）　on　the　top　of　their　heads；＇5＇　and　then　depart；　going　out　by　the　door　on　the　west　as　they　entered　by　that　on　the　east。　The　king　every　morning　makes　his　offerings　and　performs　his　worship；　and　afterwards　gives　audience　on　the　business　of　his　government。　The　chiefs　of　the　Vaisyas＇6＇　also　make　their　offerings　before　they　attend　to　their　family　affairs。　Every　day　it　is　so；　and　there　is　no　remissness　in　the　observance　of　the　custom。　When　all　the　offerings　are　over；　they　replace　the　bone　in　the　vihara；　where　there　is　a　vimoksha　tope；＇7＇　of　the　seven　precious　substances；　and　rather　more　than　five　cubits　high；　sometimes　open；　sometimes　shut；　to　contain　it。　In　front　of　the　door　of　the　vihara；　there　are　parties　who　every　morning　sell　flowers　and　incense；＇8＇　and　those　who　wish　to　make　offerings　buy　some　of　all　kinds。　The　kings　of　various　countries　are　also　constantly　sending　messengers　with　offerings。　The　vihara　stands　in　a　square　of　thirty　paces；　and　though　heaven　should　shake　and　earth　be　rent；　this　place　would　not　move。

Going　on；　north　from　this；　for　a　yojana；　（Fa…hien）　arrived　at　the　capital　of　Nagara；　the　place　where　the　Bodhisattva　once　purchased　with　money　five　stalks　of　flowers；　as　an　offering　to　the　Dipankara　Buddha。＇9＇　In　the　midst　of　the　city　there　is　also　the　tope　of　Buddha's　tooth；　where　offerings　are　made　in　the　same　way　as　to　the　flat…bone　of　his　skull。

A　yojana　to　the　north…east　of　the　city　brought　him　to　the　mouth　of　a　valley；　where　there　is　Buddha's　pewter　staff；＇10＇　and　a　vihara　also　has　been　built　at　which　offerings　aremade。　The　staff　is　made　of　Gosirsha　Chandana；　and　is　quite　sixteen　or　seventeen　cubits　long。　It　is　contained　in　a　wooden　tube；　and　though　a　hundred　or　a　thousand　men　ere　to　（try　to）　lift　it；　they　could　not　move　it。

Entering　the　mouth　of　the　valley；　and　going　west；　he　found　Buddha's　Sanghali；＇11＇　where　also　there　is　reared　a　vihara；　and　offerings　are　made。　It　is　a　custom　of　the　country　when　there　is　a　great　drought；　for　the　people　to　collect　in　crowds；　bring　out　the　robe；　pay　worship　to　it；　and　make　offerings；　on　which　there　is　immediately　a　great　rain　from　the　sky。

South　of　the　city；　half　a　yojana；　there　is　a　rock…cavern；　in　a　great　hill　fronting　the　south…west；　and　here　it　was　that　Buddha　left　his　shadow。　Looking　at　it　from　a　distance　of　more　than　ten　paces；　you　seem　to　see　Buddha's　real　form；　with　his　complexion　of　gold；　and　his　characteristic　marks＇12＇　in　their　nicety　clearly　and　brightly　displayed。　The　nearer　you　approach；　however；　the　fainter　it　becomes；　as　if　it　were　only　in　your　fancy。　When　the　kings　from　the　regions　all　around　have　sent　skilful　artists　to　take　a　copy；　none　of　them　have　been　able　to　do　so。　Among　the　people　of　the　country　there　is　a　saying　current　that　〃the　thousand　Buddhas＇13＇　must　all　leave　their　shadows　here。〃

Rather　more　than　four　hundred　paces　west　from　the　shadow；　when　Buddha　was　at　the　spot；　he　shaved　his　hair　and　clipt　his　nails；　and　proceeded；　along　with　his　disciples；　to　build　a　tope　seventy　or　eighty　cubits　high；　to　be　a　model　for　all　future　topes；　and　it　is　still　existing。　By　the　side　of　it　there　is　a　monastery；　with　more　than　seven　hundred　monks　in　it。　At　this　place　there　are　as　many　as　a　thousand　topes＇14＇　of　Arhans　and　Pratyeka　Buddhas。＇15＇

NOTES

＇1＇　Now　in　India；　Fa…hien　used　the　Indian　measure　of　distance；　but　it　is　not　possible　to　determine　exactly　what　its　length　then　was。　The　estimates　of　it　are　very　different；　and　vary　from　four　and　a　half　or　five　miles　to　seven；　and　sometimes　more。　See　the　subject　exhaustively　treated　in　Davids'　〃Ceylon　Coins　and　Measures；〃　pp。　15…17。

＇2＇　The　present　Hilda；　west　of　Peshawur；　and　five　miles　south　of　Jellalabad。

＇3＇　〃The　vihara；〃　says　Hardy；　〃is　the　residence　of　a　recluse　or　priest；〃　and　so　Davids：'the　clean　little　hut　where　the　mendicant　lives。〃　Our　author；　however；　does　not　use　the　Indian　name　here；　but　the　Chinese　characters　which　express　its　meaningtsing　shay；　〃a　pure　dwelling。〃　He　uses　the　term　occasionally；　and　evidently；　in　this　sense；　more　frequently　it　occurs　in　his　narrative　in　connexion　with　the　Buddhist　relic　worship；　and　at　first　I　translated　it　by　〃shrine〃　and　〃shrine…house；〃　but　I　came　to　the　conclusion；　at　last；　to　employ　always　the　Indian　name。　The　first　time　I　saw　a　shrine…house　was；　I　think；　in　a　monastery　near　Foo…chow；a　small　pyramidical　structure；　about　ten　feet　high；　glittering　as　if　with　the　precious　substances；　but　all；　it　seemed　to　me；　of　tinsel。　It　was　in　a　large　apartment　of　the　building；　having　many　images　in　it。　The　monks　said　it　was　the　most　precious　thing　in　their　possession；　and　that　if　they　opened　it；　as　I　begged　them　to　do；　there　would　be　a　convulsion　that　would　destroy　the　whole　establishment。　See　E。　H。；　p。　166。　The　name　of　the　province　of　Behar　was　given　to　it　in　consequence　of　its　many　viharas。

＇4＇　According　to　the　characters；　〃square；　round；　four　inches。〃　Hsuan…　chwang　says　it　was　twelve　inches　round。

＇5＇　In　Williams'　Dictionary；　under　｛。｝；　the　characters；　used　here；　are　employed　in　the　phrase　for　〃to　degrade　an　officer；〃　that　is；　〃to　remove　the　token　of　his　rank　worn　on　the　crown　of　his　head；〃　but　to　place　a　thing　on　the　crown　is　a　Buddhistic　form　of　religious　homage。

＇6＇　The　Vaisyas；　or　bourgeois　caste　of　Hindu　society；　are　described　here　as　〃resident　scholars。〃

＇7＇　See　Eitel's　Handbook　under　the　name　vimoksha；　which　is　explained　as　〃the　act　of　self…liberation；〃　and　〃the　dwelling　or　state　of　liberty。〃　There　are　eight　acts　of　liberating　one's　self　from　all　subjective　and　objective　trammels；　and　as　many　states　of　liberty　（vimukti）　resulting　therefrom。　They　are　eight　degrees　of　self…　inanition；　and　apparently　eight　stages　on　the　way　to　nirvana。　The　tope　in　the　text　would　be　emblematic　in　some　way　of　the　general　idea　of　the　mental　progress　conducting　to　the　Buddhistic　consummation　of　existence。

＇8＇　This　incense　would　be　in　long　〃sticks；〃　small　and　large；　such　as　are　sold　to…day　throughout　China；　as　you　enter　the　temples。

＇9＇　〃The　illuminating　Buddha；〃　the　twenty…fourth　predecessor　of　Sakyamuni；　and　who；　so　long　before；　gave　him　the　assurance　that　he　would　by…and…by　be　Buddha。　See　Jataka　Tales；　p。　23。

＇10＇　The　staff　was；　as　immediately　appears；　of　Gosirsha　Chandana；　or　〃sandal…wood　from　the　Cow's…head　mountain；〃　a　species　of　copper…brown　sandal…wood；　said　to　be　produced　most　abundantly　on　a　mountain　of　（the　fabulous　continent）　Ullarakuru；　north　of　mount　Meru；　which　resembles　in　shape　the　head　of　a　cow　（E。　H。；　pp。　42；　43）。　It　is　called　a　〃pewter　staff〃　from　having　on　it　a　head　and　rings　and　pewter。　See　Watters；　〃China　Review；〃　viii；　pp。　227；　228；　and　Williams'　Dictionary；　under　｛。｝。

＇11＇　Or　Sanghati；　the　double　or　composite　robe；　part　of　a　monk's　attire；　reaching　from　the　shoulders　to　the　knees；　and　fastened　round　the　waist　（E。　H。；　p。　118）。

＇12＇　These　were　the　〃marks　and　beauties〃　on　the　person　of　a　supreme　Buddha。　The　rishi　Kala　Devala　saw　them　on　the　body　of　the　infant　Sakya　prince　to　the　number　of　328；　those　on　the　teeth；　which　had　not　yet　come　out；　being　visible　to　his　spirit…like　eyes　（M。　B。；　pp。　148；　149）。

＇13＇　Probably=〃all　Buddhas。〃

＇14＇　The　number　may　appear　too　great。　But　see　what　is　said　on　the　size　of　topes　in　chapter　iii；　note　4。

＇15＇　In　Singhalese；　Pase　Buddhas；　called　also　Nidana　Buddhas；　and　Pratyeka　Jinas；　and　explained　by　〃individually　intelligent；〃　〃completely　intelligent；〃　〃intelligent　as　regards　the　nidanas。〃　This；　says　Eitel　（pp。　96；　97）；　is　〃a　degree　of　saintship　unknown　to　primitive　Buddhism；　denoting　automats　in　ascetic　life　who　attain　to　Buddhaship　'individually；'　that　is；　without　a　teacher；　and　without　being　able　to　save　others。　As　the　ideal　hermit；　the　Pratyeka　Buddha　is　compared　with　the　rhinoceros　khadga　that　lives　lonely　in　the　wilderness。　He　is　also　called　Nidana　Buddha；　as　having　mastered　the　twelve　nidanas　（the　twelve　links　in　the　everlasting　chain　of　cause　and　effect　in　the　whole　range　of　existence；　the　understanding　of　which　solves　the　riddle　of　life；　revealing　the　inanity　of　all　forms　of　existence；　and　preparing　the　mind　for　nirvana）。　He　is　also　compared　to　a　horse；　which；　crossing　a　river；　almost　buries　its　body　under　the　water；　without；　however；　touching　the　bottom　of　the　river。　Thus　in　crossing　samsara　he　'suppresses　the　errors　of　life　and　thought；　and　the　effects　of　habit　and　passion；　without　attaining　to　absolute　perfection。'〃　Whether　these　Buddhas　were　unknown；　as　Eitel　says；　to　primitive　Buddhism；　may　be　doubted。　See　Davids'　Hibbert　Lectures；　p。　146。



CHAPTER　XIV

DEATH　OF　HWUY…KING　IN　THE　LITTLE　SNOWY　MOUNTAINS。　LO…E。　POHNA。　CROSSING　THE　INDUS　TO　THE　EAST。

Having　stayed　there　till　the　third　month　of　winter；　Fa…hien　and　the　two　others；＇1＇　proceeding　southwards；　crossed　the　Little　Snowy　mountains。＇2＇　On　them　the　snow　lies　accumulated　both　winter　and　summer。　On　the　north　（side）　of　the　mountains；　in　the　shade；　they　suddenly　encountered　a　cold　wind　which　made　them　shiver　and　become　unable　to　speak。　Hwuy…king　could　not　go　any　farther。　A　white　froth　came　from