record of buddhistic kingdoms-第14部分

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



＇20＇　See　Hardy；　M。　B。；　p。　194：〃As　a　token　of　the　giving　over　of　the　garden；　the　king　poured　water　upon　the　hands　of　Buddha；　and　from　this　time　it　became　one　of　the　principal　residences　of　the　sage。〃

＇21＇　This　would　seem　to　be　absurd；　but　the　writer　evidently　intended　to　convey　the　idea　that　there　was　something　mysterious　about　the　number　of　the　topes。

＇22＇　This　seems　to　be　the　meaning。　The　bodies　of　the　monks　are　all　burned。　Hardy's　E。　M。；　pp。　322…324。



CHAPTER　XVIII

KANYAKUBJA；　OR　CANOUGE。　BUDDHA'S　PREACHING。

Fa…hien　stayed　at　the　Dragon　vihara　till　after　the　summer　retreat；＇1＇　and　then；　travelling　to　the　south…east　for　seven　yojanas；　he　arrived　at　the　city　of　Kanyakubja；＇2＇　lying　along　the　Ganges。＇3＇　There　are　two　monasteries　in　it；　the　inmates　of　which　are　students　of　the　hinayana。　At　a　distance　from　the　city　of　six　or　seven　le；　on　the　west；　on　the　northern　bank　of　the　Ganges；　is　a　place　where　Buddha　preached　the　Law　to　his　disciples。　It　has　been　handed　down　that　his　subjects　of　discourse　were　such　as　〃The　bitterness　and　vanity　（of　life）　as　impermanent　and　uncertain；〃　and　that　〃The　body　is　as　a　bubble　or　foam　on　the　water。〃　At　this　spot　a　tope　was　erected；　and　still　exists。

Having　crossed　the　Ganges；　and　gone　south　for　three　yojanas；　（the　travellers）　arrived　at　a　village　named　A…le；＇4＇　containing　places　where　Buddha　preached　the　Law；　where　he　sat；　and　where　he　walked；　at　all　of　which　topes　have　been　built。

NOTES

＇1＇　We　are　now；　probably；　in　405。

＇2＇　Canouge；　the　latitude　and　longitude　of　which　have　been　given　in　a　previous　note。　The　Sanskrit　name　means　〃the　city　of　humpbacked　maidens；〃　with　reference　to　the　legend　of　the　hundred　daughters　of　king　Brahma…datta；　who　were　made　deformed　by　the　curse　of　the　rishi　Maha…vriksha；　whose　overtures　they　had　refused。　E。　H。；　p。　51。

＇3＇　Ganga；　explained　by　〃Blessed　water；〃　and　〃Come　from　heaven　to　earth。〃

＇4＇　This　village　（the　Chinese　editions　read　〃forest〃）　has　hardly　been　clearly　identified。




CHAPTER　XIX

SHA…CHE。　LEGEND　OF　BUDDHA'S　DANTA…KASHTHA。

Going　on　from　this　to　the　south…east　for　three　yojanas；　they　came　to　the　great　kingdom　of　Sha…che。＇1＇　As　you　go　out　of　the　city　of　Sha…che　by　the　southern　gate；　on　the　east　of　the　road　（is　the　place）　where　Buddha；　after　he　had　chewed　his　willow　branch；＇2＇　stuck　it　in　the　ground；　when　it　forthwith　grew　up　seven　cubits；　（at　which　height　it　remained）　neither　increasing　nor　diminishing。　The　Brahmans　with　their　contrary　doctrines＇3＇　became　angry　and　jealous。　Sometimes　they　cut　the　tree　down；　sometimes　they　plucked　it　up；　and　cast　it　to　a　distance；　but　it　grew　again　on　the　same　spot　as　at　first。　Here　also　is　the　place　where　the　four　Buddhas　walked　and　sat；　and　at　which　a　tope　was　built　that　is　still　existing。

NOTES

＇1＇　Sha…che　should　probably　be　Sha…khe；　making　Cunningham's　identification　of　the　name　with　the　present　Saket　still　more　likely。　The　change　of　｛。｝　into　｛。｝　is　slight；　and；　indeed；　the　Khang…hsi　dictionary　thinks　the　two　characters　should　be　but　one　and　the　same。

＇2＇　This　was；　no　doubt；　what　was　called　the　danta…kashtha；　or　〃dental　wood；〃　mostly　a　bit　of　the　/ficus　Indicus/　or　banyan　tree；　which　the　monk　chews　every　morning　to　cleanse　his　teeth；　and　for　the　purpose　of　health　generally。　The　Chinese；　not　having　the　banyan；　have　used；　or　at　least　Fa…hien　used；　Yang　（｛。｝；　the　general　name　for　the　willow）　instead　of　it。

＇3＇　Are　two　classes　of　opponents；　or　only　one；　intended　here；　so　that　we　should　read　〃all　the　unbelievers　and　Brahmans；〃　or　〃heretics　and　Brahmans？〃　I　think　the　Brahmans　were　also　〃the　unbelievers〃　and　〃heretics；〃　having　｛。｝　｛。｝；　views　and　ways　outside　of；　and　opposed　to；　Buddha's。



CHAPTER　XX

KOSALA　AND　SRAVASTI。　THE　JETAVANA　VIHARA　AND　OTHER　MEMORIALS　AND　LEGENDS　OF　BUDDHA。　SYMPATHY　OF　THE　MONKS　WITH　THE　PILGRIMS。

Going　on　from　this　to　the　south；　for　eight　yojanas；　（the　travellers）　came　to　the　city　of　Sravasti＇1＇　in　the　kingdom　of　Kosala；＇2＇　in　which　the　inhabitants　were　few　and　far　between；　amounting　in　all　（only）　to　a　few　more　than　two　hundred　families；　the　city　where　king　Prasenajit＇3＇　ruled；　and　the　place　of　the　old　vihara　of　Maha…prajapti；＇4＇　of　the　well　and　walls　of　（the　house　of）　the　（Vaisya）　head　Sudatta；＇5＇　and　where　the　Angulimalya＇6＇　became　an　Arhat；　and　his　body　was　（afterwards）　burned　on　his　attaining　to　pari…nirvana。　At　all　these　places　topes　were　subsequently　erected；　which　are　still　existing　in　the　city。　The　Brahmans；　with　their　contrary　doctrine；　became　full　of　hatred　and　envy　in　their　hearts；　and　wished　to　destroy　them；　but　there　came　from　the　heavens　such　a　storm　of　crashing　thunder　and　flashing　lightning　that　they　were　not　able　in　the　end　to　effect　their　purpose。

As　you　go　out　from　the　city　by　the　south　gate；　and　1；200　paces　from　it；　the　（Vaisya）　head　Sudatta　built　a　vihara；　facing　the　south；　and　when　the　door　was　open；　on　each　side　of　it　there　was　a　stone　pillar；　with　the　figure　of　a　wheel　on　the　top　of　that　on　the　left；　and　the　figure　of　an　ox　on　the　top　of　that　on　the　right。　On　the　left　and　right　of　the　building　the　ponds　of　water　clear　and　pure；　the　thickets　of　trees　always　luxuriant；　and　the　numerous　flowers　of　various　hues；　constituted　a　lovely　scene；　the　whole　forming　what　is　called　the　Jetavana　vihara。＇7＇

When　Buddha　went　up　to　the　Trayastrimsas　heaven；＇8＇　and　preached　the　Law　for　the　benefit　of　his　mother；　（after　he　had　been　absent　for）　ninety　days；　Prasenajit；　longing　to　see　him；　caused　an　image　of　him　to　be　carved　in　Gosirsha　Chandana　wood；＇9＇　and　put　in　the　place　where　he　usually　sat。　When　Buddha　on　his　return　entered　the　vihara；　Buddha　said　to　it；　〃Return　to　your　seat。　After　I　have　attained　to　pari…nirvana；　you　will　serve　as　a　pattern　to　the　four　classes　of　my　disciples；〃＇10＇　and　on　this　the　image　returned　to　its　seat。　This　was　the　very　first　of　all　the　images　（of　Buddha）；　and　that　which　men　subsequently　copied。　Buddha　then　removed；　and　dwelt　in　a　small　vihara　on　the　south　side　（of　the　other）；　a　different　place　from　that　containing　the　image；　and　twenty　paces　distant　from　it。

The　Jetavana　vihara　was　originally　of　seven　storeys。　The　kings　and　people　of　the　countries　around　vied　with　one　another　in　their　offerings；　hanging　up　about　it　silken　streamers　and　canopies；　scattering　flowers；　burning　incense；　and　lighting　lamps；　so　as　to　make　the　night　as　bright　as　the　day。　This　they　did　day　after　day　without　ceasing。　（It　happened　that）　a　rat；　carrying　in　its　mouth　the　wick　of　a　lamp；　set　one　of　the　streamers　or　canopies　on　fire；　which　caught　the　vihara；　and　the　seven　storeys　were　all　consumed。　The　kings；　with　their　officers　and　people；　were　all　very　sad　and　distressed；　supposing　that　the　sandal…wood　image　had　been　burned；　but　lo！　after　four　or　five　days；　when　the　door　of　a　small　vihara　on　the　east　was　opened；　there　was　immediately　seen　the　original　image。　They　were　all　greatly　rejoiced；　and　co…operated　in　restoring　the　vihara。　When　they　had　succeeded　in　completing　two　storeys；　they　removed　the　image　back　to　its　former　place。

When　Fa…hien　and　Tao…ching　first　arrived　at　the　Jetavana　monastery；　and　thought　how　the　World…honoured　one　had　formerly　resided　there　for　twenty…five　years；　painful　reflections　arose　in　their　minds。　Born　in　a　border…land；　along　with　their　like…minded　friends；　they　had　travelled　through　so　many　kingdoms；　some　of　those　friends　had　returned　（to　their　own　land）；　and　some　had　（died）；　proving　the　impermanence　and　uncertainty　of　life；　and　to…day　they　saw　the　place　where　Buddha　had　lived　now　unoccupied　by　him。　They　were　melancholy　through　their　pain　of　heart；　and　the　crowd　of　monks　came　out；　and　asked　them　from　what　kingdom　they　were　come。　〃We　are　come；〃　they　replied；　〃from　the　land　of　Han。〃　〃Strange；〃　said　the　monks　with　a　sigh；　〃that　men　of　a　border　country　should　be　able　to　come　here　in　search　of　our　Law！〃　Then　they　said　to　one　another；　〃During　all　the　time　that　we；　preceptors　and　monks；＇11＇　have　succeeded　to　one　another；　we　have　never　seen　men　of　Han；　followers　of　our　system；　arrive　here。〃

Four　le　to　the　north…west　of　the　vihara　there　is　a　grove　called　〃The　Getting　of　Eyes。〃　Formerly　there　were　five　hundred　blind　men；　who　lived　here　in　order　that　they　might　be　near　the　vihara。＇12＇　Buddha　preached　his　Law　to　them；　and　they　all　got　back　their　eyesight。　Full　of　joy；　they　stuck　their　staves　in　the　earth；　and　with　their　heads　and　faces　on　the　ground；　did　reverence。　The　staves　immediately　began　to　grow；　and　they　grew　to　be　great。　People　made　much　of　them；　and　no　one　dared　to　cut　them　down；　so　that　they　came　to　form　a　grove。　It　was　in　this　way　that　it　got　its　name；　and　most　of　the　Jetavana　monks；　after　they　had　taken　their　midday　meal；　went　to　the　grove；　and　sat　there　in　meditation。

Six　or　seven　le　north…east　from　the　Jetavana；　mother　Vaisakha＇13＇　built　another　vihara；　to　which　she　invited　Buddha　and　his　monks；　and　which　is　still　existing。

To　each　of　the　great　residences　for　monks　at　the　Jetavana　vihara　there　were　two　gates；　one　facing　the　east　and　the　other　facing　the　north。　The　park　（containing　the　whole）　was　the　space　of　ground　which　the　（Vaisya）　head　Sudatta　purchased　by　covering　it　with　gold　coins。　The　vihara　was　exactly　in　the　centre。　Here　Buddha　lived　for　a　longer　time　than　at　any　other　place；　preaching　his　Law　and　converting　men。　At　the　places　where　he　walked　and　sat　they　also　（subsequently）　reared　topes；　each　having　its　particular　name；　and　here　was　the　place　where　Sundari＇14＇　murdered　a　person　and　then　falsely　charged　Buddha　（with　the　crime）。　Outside　the　east　gate　of　the　Jetavana；　at　a　distance　of　seventy　paces　to　the　north；　on　the　west　of　the　road；　Buddha　held　a　discussion　with　the　（advocates　of　the）　ninety…six　schemes　of　erroneous　doctrine；　when　the　king　and　his　great　officers；　the　householders；　and　people　were　all　assembled　in　crowds　to　hear　it。　Then　a　woman　belonging　to　one　of　the　erroneous　systems；　by　name　Chanchamana；＇15＇　prompted　by　the　envious　hatred　in　her　heart；　and　having　put　on　（extra）　clothes　in　front　of　her　person；　so　as　to　give　her　the　appearance　of　being　with　child；　falsely　accused　Buddha　before　all　the　assembly　of　having　acted　unlawfully　（towards　her）。　On　this；　Sakra；　Ruler　of　Devas；　changed　himself　and　some　devas　into　white　mice；　which　bit　through　the　strings　about　her　waist；　and　when　t