record of buddhistic kingdoms-第24部分

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　name　Sakya；　pp。　108；　109。　We　must　be　content　for　the　present　simply　to　accept　Gotama　as　one　of　the　surnames　of　the　Buddha　with　whom　we　have　to　do。

＇10＇　See　chap。　vi；　note　5。　It　is　there　said　that　the　prediction　of　Maitreya's　succession　to　the　Buddhaship　was　made　to　him　in　the　Tushita　heaven。　Was　there　a　repetition　of　it　here　in　the　Deer…park；　or　was　a　prediction　now　given　concerning　something　else？

＇11＇　Nothing　seems　to　be　known　of　this　naga　but　what　we　read　here。

＇12＇　Identified　by　some　with　Kusia；　near　Kurrah　（lat。　25d　41s　N。；　lon。　81d　27s　E。）；　by　others　with　Kosam　on　the　Jumna；　thirty　miles　above　Allahabad。　See　E。　H。；　p。　55。

＇13＇　Ghochira　was　the　name　of　a　Vaisya　elder；　or　head；　who　presented　a　garden　and　vihara　to　Buddha。　Hardy　（M。　B。；　p。　356）　quotes　a　statement　from　a　Singhalese　authority　that　Sakyamuni　resided　here　during　the　ninth　year　of　his　Buddhaship。

＇14＇　Dr。　Davids　thinks　this　may　refer　to　the　striking　and　beautiful　story　of　the　conversion　of　the　Yakkha　Alavaka；　as　related　in　the　Uragavagga；　Alavakasutta；　pp。　29…31　（Sacred　Books　of　the　East；　vol。　x；　part　ii）。



CHAPTER　XXXV

DAKSHINA；　AND　THE　PIGEON　MONASTERY。

South　from　this　200　yojanas；　there　is　a　country　named　Dakshina；＇1＇　where　there　is　a　monastery　（dedicated　to）　the　bygone　Kasyapa　Buddha；　and　which　has　been　hewn　out　from　a　large　hill　of　rock。　It　consists　in　all　of　five　storeys；the　lowest；　having　the　form　of　an　elephant；　with　500　apartments　in　the　rock；　the　second；　having　the　form　of　a　lion；　with　400　apartments；　the　third；　having　the　form　of　a　horse；　with　300　apartments；　the　fourth；　having　the　form　of　an　ox；　with　200　apartments；　and　the　fifth；　having　the　form　of　a　pigeon；　with　100　apartments。　At　the　very　top　there　is　a　spring；　the　water　of　which；　always　in　front　of　the　apartments　in　the　rock；　goes　round　among　the　rooms；　now　circling；　now　curving；　till　in　this　way　it　arrives　at　the　lowest　storey；　having　followed　the　shape　of　the　structure；　and　flows　out　there　at　the　door。　Everywhere　in　the　apartments　of　the　monks；　the　rock　has　been　pierced　so　as　to　form　windows　for　the　admission　of　light；　so　that　they　are　all　bright；　without　any　being　left　in　darkness。　At　the　four　corners　of　the　（tiers　of）　apartments；　the　rock　has　been　hewn　so　as　to　form　steps　for　ascending　to　the　top　（of　each）。　The　men　of　the　present　day；　being　of　small　size；　and　going　up　step　by　step；　manage　to　get　to　the　top；　but　in　a　former　age；　they　did　so　at　one　step。＇2＇　Because　of　this；　the　monastery　is　called　Paravata；　that　being　the　Indian　name　for　a　pigeon。　There　are　always　Arhats　residing　in　it。

The　country　about　is　（a　tract　of）　uncultivated　hillocks；＇3＇　without　inhabitants。　At　a　very　long　distance　from　the　hill　there　are　villages；　where　the　people　all　have　bad　and　erroneous　views；　and　do　not　know　the　Sramanas　of　the　Law　of　Buddha；　Brahmanas；　or　（devotees　of）　any　of　the　other　and　different　schools。　The　people　of　that　country　are　constantly　seeing　men　on　the　wing；　who　come　and　enter　this　monastery。　On　one　occasion；　when　devotees　of　various　countries　came　to　perform　their　worship　at　it；　the　people　of　those　villages　said　to　them；　〃Why　do　you　not　fly？　The　devotees　whom　we　have　seen　hereabouts　all　fly；〃　and　the　strangers　answered；　on　the　spur　of　the　moment；　〃Our　wings　are　not　yet　fully　formed。〃

The　kingdom　of　Dakshina　is　out　of　the　way；　and　perilous　to　traverse。　There　are　difficulties　in　connexion　with　the　roads；　but　those　who　know　how　to　manage　such　difficulties　and　wish　to　proceed　should　bring　with　them　money　and　various　articles；　and　give　them　to　the　king。　He　will　then　send　men　to　escort　them。　These　will　（at　different　stages）　pass　them　over　to　others；　who　will　show　them　the　shortest　routes。　Fa…hien；　however；　was　after　all　unable　to　go　there；　but　having　received　the　（above）　accounts　from　men　of　the　country；　he　has　narrated　them。

NOTES

＇1＇　Said　to　be　the　ancient　name　of　the　Deccan。　As　to　the　various　marvels　in　the　chapter；　it　must　be　borne　in　mind　that　our　author；　as　he　tells　us　at　the　end；　only　gives　them　from　hearsay。　See　〃Buddhist　Records　of　the　Western　World；〃　vol。　ii；　pp。　214；　215；　where　the　description；　however；　is　very　different。

＇2＇　Compare　the　account　of　Buddha's　great　stride　of　fifteen　yojanas　in　Ceylon；　as　related　in　chapter　xxxviii。

＇3＇　See　the　same　phrase　in　the　Books　of　the　Later　Han　dynasty；　the　twenty…fourth　Book　of　Biographies；　p。　9b。



CHAPTER　XXXVI

IN　PATNA。　FA…HIEN'S　LABOURS　IN　TRANSCRIPTION　OF　MANUSCRIPTS；　AND　INDIAN　STUDIES　FOR　THREE　YEARS。

From　Varanasi　（the　travellers）　went　back　east　to　Pataliputtra。　Fa…hien's　original　object　had　been　to　search　for　（copies　of）　the　Vinaya。　In　the　various　kingdoms　of　North　India；　however；　he　had　found　one　master　transmitting　orally　（the　rules）　to　another；　but　no　written　copies　which　he　could　transcribe。　He　had　therefore　travelled　far　and　come　on　to　Central　India。　Here；　in　the　mahayana　monastery；＇1＇　he　found　a　copy　of　the　Vinaya；　containing　the　Mahasanghika＇2＇　rules；those　which　were　observed　in　the　first　Great　Council；　while　Buddha　was　still　in　the　world。　The　original　copy　was　handed　down　in　the　Jetavana　vihara。　As　to　the　other　eighteen　schools；＇3＇　each　one　has　the　views　and　decisions　of　its　own　masters。　Those　agree　（with　this）　in　the　general　meaning；　but　they　have　small　and　trivial　differences；　as　when　one　opens　and　another　shuts。＇4＇　This　copy　（of　the　rules）；　however；　is　the　most　complete；　with　the　fullest　explanations。＇5＇

He　further　got　a　transcript　of　the　rules　in　six　or　seven　thousand　gathas；＇6＇　being　the　sarvastivadah＇7＇　rules；those　which　are　observed　by　the　communities　of　monks　in　the　land　of　Ts'in；　which　also　have　all　been　handed　down　orally　from　master　to　master　without　being　committed　to　writing。　In　the　community　here；　moreover；　we　got　the　Samyuktabhi…　dharma…hridaya…（sastra）；＇8＇　containing　about　six　or　seven　thousand　gathas；　he　also　got　a　Sutra　of　2500　gathas；　one　chapter　of　the　Parinir…vana…vaipulya　Sutra；＇9＇　of　about　5000　gathas；　and　the　Mahasan…　ghikah　Abhidharma。

In　consequence　（of　this　success　in　his　quest）　Fa…hien　stayed　here　for　three　years；　learning　Sanskrit　books　and　the　Sanskrit　speech；　and　writing　out　the　Vinaya　rules。　When　Tao…ching　arrived　in　the　Central　Kingdom；　and　saw　the　rules　observed　by　the　Sramanas；　and　the　dignified　demeanour　in　their　societies　which　he　remarked　under　all　occurring　circumstances；　he　sadly　called　to　mind　in　what　a　mutilated　and　imperfect　condition　the　rules　were　among　the　monkish　communities　in　the　land　of　Ts'in；　and　made　the　following　aspiration：〃From　this　time　forth　till　I　come　to　the　state　of　Buddha；　let　me　not　be　born　in　a　frontier　land。〃＇10＇　He　remained　accordingly　（in　India）；　and　did　not　return　（to　the　land　of　Han）。　Fa…hien；　however；　whose　original　purpose　had　been　to　secure　the　introduction　of　the　complete　Vinaya　rules　into　the　land　of　Han；　returned　there　alone。

NOTES

＇1＇　Mentioned　before　in　chapter　xxvii。

＇2＇　Mahasanghikah　simply　means　〃the　Great　Assembly；〃　that　is；　of　monks。　When　was　this　first　assembly　in　the　time　of　Sakyamuni　held？　It　does　not　appear　that　the　rules　observed　at　it　were　written　down　at　the　time。　The　document　found　by　Fa…hien　would　be　a　record　of　those　rules；　or　rather　a　copy　of　that　record。　We　must　suppose　that　the　original　record　had　disappeared　from　the　Jetavana　vihara；　or　Fa…hien　would　probably　have　spoken　of　it　when　he　was　there；　and　copied　it；　if　he　had　been　allowed　to　do　so。

＇3＇　The　eighteen　pu　｛。｝。　Four　times　in　this　chapter　the　character　called　pu　occurs；　and　in　the　first　and　two　last　instances　it　can　only　have　the　meaning；　often　belonging　to　it；　of　〃copy。〃　The　second　instance；　however；　is　different。　How　should　there　be　eighteen　copies；　all　different　from　the　original；　and　from　one　another；　in　minor　matters？　We　are　compelled　to　translate〃the　eighteen　schools；〃　an　expression　well　known　in　all　Buddhist　writings。　See　Rhys　Davids'　Manual；　p。　218；　and　the　authorities　there　quoted。

＇4＇　This　is　equivalent　to　the　〃binding〃　and　〃loosing；〃　〃opening〃　and　〃shutting；〃　which　found　their　way　into　the　New　Testament；　and　the　Christian　Church；　from　the　schools　of　the　Jewish　Rabbins。

＇5＇　It　was　afterwards　translated　by　Fa…hien　into　Chinese。　See　Nanjio's　Catalogue　of　the　Chinese　Tripitaka；　columns　400　and　401；　and　Nos。　1119　and　1150；　columns　247　and　253。

＇6＇　A　gatha　is　a　stanza；　generally　consisting；　it　has　seemed　to　me；　of　a　few；　commonly　of　two；　lines　somewhat　metrically　arranged；　but　I　do　not　know　that　its　length　is　strictly　defined。

＇7＇　〃A　branch；〃　says　Eitel；　〃of　the　great　vaibhashika　school；　asserting　the　reality　of　all　visible　phenomena；　and　claiming　the　authority　of　Rahula。〃

＇8＇　See　Nanjio's　Catalogue；　No。　1287。　He　does　not　mention　it　in　his　account　of　Fa…hien；　who；　he　says；　translated　the　Samyukta…pitaka　Sutra。

＇9＇　Probably　Nanjio's　Catalogue；　No。　120；　at　any　rate；　connected　with　it。

＇10＇　This　then　would　be　the　consummation　of　the　Sramana's　being；to　get　to　be　Buddha；　the　Buddha　of　his　time　in　his　Kalpa；　and　Tao…ching　thought　that　he　could　attain　to　this　consummation　by　a　succession　of　births；　and　was　likely　to　attain　to　it　sooner　by　living　only　in　India。　If　all　this　was　not　in　his　mind；　he　yet　felt　that　each　of　his　successive　lives　would　be　happier；　if　lived　in　India。



CHAPTER　XXXVII

TO　CHAMPA　AND　TAMALIPTI。　STAY　AND　LABOURS　THERE　FOR　THREE　YEARS。　TAKES　SHIP　TO　SINGHALA；　OR　CEYLON。

Following　the　course　of　the　Ganges；　and　descending　eastwards　for　eighteen　yojanas；　he　found　on　the　southern　bank　the　great　kingdom　of　Champa；＇1＇　with　topes　reared　at　the　places　where　Buddha　walked　in　meditation　by　his　vihara；　and　where　he　and　the　three　Buddhas；　his　predecessors；　sat。　There　were　monks　residing　at　them　all。　Continuing　his　journey　east　for　nearly　fifty　yojanas；　he　came　to　the　country　of　Tamalipti；＇2＇　（the　capital　of　which　is）　a　seaport。　In　the　country　there　are　twenty…two　monasteries；　at　all　of　which　there　are　monks　residing。　The　Law　of　Buddha　is　also　flourishing　in　it。　Here　Fa…hien　stayed　two　years；　writing　out　his　Sutras；＇3＇　and　drawing　pictures　of　images。

After　this　he　embarked　in　a　large　merchant…vessel；　and　went　floating　over　the　sea　to　the　south…west。　It　was　the　beginning　of　winter；　and　the　wind　was　favourable；　and；　after　fourteen　days；　sailing　day　and　night；　they　came　to　the　country　of　Singhal