study of the king james bible(ÇÕÓ¡¡´Ê¥¾¡µÑо¿)-µÚ3²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
Church's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pearl¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡swine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡philosophy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨he¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡
reckoned¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡none¡¡of¡¡his¡¡time¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡at¡¡Oxford¡¡that¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡know¡¡common¡¡life¡¡so¡¡well¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡sense¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡social¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡nearer¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡rector¡¡of¡¡the¡¡parish¡¡at¡¡Lutterworth¡£¡¡As¡¡scholar¡¡and¡¡rector¡¡he¡¡
set¡¡going¡¡the¡¡two¡¡great¡¡movements¡¡which¡¡leave¡¡his¡¡name¡¡in¡¡history¡£¡¡One¡¡
was¡¡his¡¡securing£»¡¡training£»¡¡and¡¡sending¡¡out¡¡a¡¡band¡¡of¡¡itinerant¡¡preachers¡¡or¡¡
¡¨poor¡¡priests¡¨¡¡to¡¡gather¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡fields¡¡and¡¡byways¡¡and¡¡to¡¡preach¡¡the¡¡
simple¡¡truths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡religion¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡unpaid£»¡¡and¡¡lived¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
kindness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡Lollards£»¡¡though¡¡
the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡name¡¡is¡¡obscure¡£¡¡Their¡¡followers¡¡received¡¡the¡¡same¡¡name¡£¡¡
A¡¡few¡¡years¡¡after¡¡Wiclif's¡¡death¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡bitterly¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡if¡¡you¡¡met¡¡
any¡¡two¡¡men¡¡one¡¡was¡¡sure¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡Lollard¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡¡¨first¡¡time¡¡in¡¡English¡¡
history¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instead¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡
scholars¡£¡¨¡¡Religion¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡rather¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡practical¡¡life¡¡than¡¡of¡¡
dogma¡¡or¡¡of¡¡ritual¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨poor¡¡priests¡¨¡¡in¡¡their¡¡cheap¡¡brown¡¡robes¡¡became¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡10¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡Bible¡¡
mighty¡¡religious¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡evoked¡¡opposition¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡powers¡£¡¡A¡¡
generation¡¡after¡¡Wiclif's¡¡death¡¡they¡¡had¡¡become¡¡a¡¡mighty¡¡political¡¡force¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡controversy¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡King¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Pope¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡late¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡1521¡¡¡¡¡¡five¡¡
hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lollards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡arrested¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡London¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bishop¡££§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wiclif's¡¡
purpose£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reach¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡help¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
simpler£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡most¡¡fundamental£»¡¡truths¡¡of¡¡religion¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Muir£»¡¡Our¡¡Grand¡¡Old¡¡Bible£»¡¡p¡£¡¡14¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡other¡¡movement¡¡which¡¡marks¡¡Wiclif's¡¡name¡¡concerns¡¡us¡¡more£»¡¡
but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡the¡¡first¡£¡¡He¡¡set¡¡out¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡¡
the¡¡full¡¡text¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡for¡¡their¡¡common¡¡use£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡encourage¡¡them¡¡not¡¡
only¡¡in¡¡reading¡¡it£»¡¡if¡¡already¡¡they¡¡could¡¡read£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡learning¡¡to¡¡read¡¡that¡¡
they¡¡might¡¡read¡¡it¡£¡¡Tennyson¡¡compares¡¡the¡¡village¡¡of¡¡Lutterworth¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡
Bethlehem£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡Christ£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Word¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡God£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡
Bethlehem£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Word¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Life¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡Lutterworth¡££§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
translation¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Vulgate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Wiclif¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
actual¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡himself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡£¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡1382£»¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡five¡¡
centuries¡¡¡¡¡¡ago£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡¡¡¡¡version¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Bible¡£¡¡Wiclif¡¡made¡¡it¡¡the¡¡people's¡¡Book£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡English¡¡people¡¡were¡¡the¡¡
first¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡¡¡¡¡nations¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
their¡¡own¡¡familiar¡¡tongue¡£¡¡Once¡¡it¡¡got¡¡into¡¡their¡¡hands¡¡they¡¡have¡¡never¡¡let¡¡
it¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡entirely¡¡away¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡¡¨Not¡¡least¡¡art¡¡thou£»¡¡thou¡¡little¡¡Bethlehem¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡Judah£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡thee¡¡
the¡¡Lord¡¡was¡¡born£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡thou¡¡in¡¡Britain£»¡¡little¡¡Lutterworth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Least£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡
thee¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡word¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sir¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡John¡¡
Oldcastle¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡course£»¡¡all¡¡this¡¡was¡¡before¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡printing£»¡¡and¡¡copies¡¡were¡¡
made¡¡by¡¡hand¡¡only¡£¡¡Yet¡¡there¡¡were¡¡very¡¡many¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡One¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡
fifty¡¡manuscripts£»¡¡in¡¡whole¡¡or¡¡in¡¡part£»¡¡are¡¡extant¡¡still£»¡¡a¡¡score¡¡of¡¡them¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡original¡¡version£»¡¡the¡¡others¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revision¡¡at¡¡once¡¡undertaken¡¡by¡¡John¡¡
Purvey£»¡¡Wiclif's¡¡disciple¡£¡¡The¡¡copies¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡Edward¡¡VI¡£¡¡and¡¡Queen¡¡
Elizabeth¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡existence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Twenty¡¡
years¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡completed¡¡¡¡¡¡copies¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡counted¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡valuable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡numerous¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡uncommon¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡single¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡
manuscript¡¡copy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wiclif¡¡version¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sold¡¡for¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡fifty¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡11¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡Bible¡¡
or¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡dollars£»¡¡and¡¡Foxe£»¡¡whose¡¡Book¡¡of¡¡Martyrs¡¡we¡¡used¡¡to¡¡read¡¡
as¡¡¡¡¡¡children£»¡¡¡¡¡¡tells¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡load¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡hay¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡New¡¡
Testament¡¡one¡¡hour¡¡a¡¡day¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡exaggerate¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡gift¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
English¡¡people¡£¡¡It¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡standard¡¡of¡¡Middle¡¡English¡£¡¡Chaucer¡¡and¡¡
Wiclif¡¡stood¡¡side¡¡by¡¡side¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true¡¡that¡¡Chaucer¡¡himself¡¡accepted¡¡Wiclif's¡¡
teaching£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wise¡¡men¡¡think¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¨parson¡¨¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡
speaks¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡finely¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡taught¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lore¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Christ¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡¡¡¡¡apostles¡¡
twelve£»¡¡but¡¡first¡¡followed¡¡it¡¡himself£»¡¡was¡¡Wiclif¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡version¡¡had¡¡far¡¡
more¡¡than¡¡literary¡¡influence£»¡¡it¡¡had¡¡tremendous¡¡power¡¡in¡¡keeping¡¡alive¡¡in¡¡
England¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡spirit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡inquiry¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡safeguard¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡
institutions¡£¡¡Here¡¡was¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡source¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡faith¡¡available¡¡for¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡judgment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡once¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡judges¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
religious¡¡and¡¡political¡¡dogma¡£¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Ladd¡¡thinks¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡reading¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Bible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡produced¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Reformation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Reformation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡procured¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reading¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡££§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Rashdall¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
Professor¡¡¡¡¡¡Pollard¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡insist¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡
Reformation¡¡received¡¡less¡¡from¡¡Luther¡¡than¡¡from¡¡the¡¡secret¡¡reading¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Scripture¡¡over¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡country¡£¡¡What¡¡we¡¡call¡¡the¡¡English¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡free¡¡
inquiry¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡fostered¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡developed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡Wiclif¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡Lollards¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
English¡¡Scripture¡¡in¡¡their¡¡hands¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡it¡¡has¡¡grown¡¡as¡¡out¡¡of¡¡no¡¡other¡¡one¡¡
root¡¡the¡¡freedom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡and¡¡American¡¡people¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡What¡¡Is¡¡the¡¡Bible£¿£»¡¡p¡£¡¡45¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Wiclif¡¡¡¡¡¡deserves¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
asserted¡¡a¡¡principle¡¡for¡¡the¡¡English¡¡people¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡much¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡
before¡¡entire¡¡freedom¡¡was¡¡gained¡£¡¡At¡¡Oxford£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Convocation¡¡of¡¡1408£»¡¡
it¡¡was¡¡solemnly¡¡voted£º¡¡¡¨We¡¡decree¡¡and¡¡ordain¡¡that¡¡no¡¡man¡¡hereafter¡¡by¡¡his¡¡
own¡¡authority¡¡translate¡¡any¡¡text¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Scripture¡¡into¡¡English£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡other¡¡
tongue£»¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡a¡¡book£»¡¡pamphlet£»¡¡or¡¡other¡¡treatise£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡no¡¡man¡¡read¡¡
any¡¡such¡¡book£»¡¡pamphlet£»¡¡or¡¡treatise¡¡now¡¡lately¡¡composed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡
John¡¡Wiclif¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡until¡¡the¡¡said¡¡translation¡¡be¡¡approved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡orderly¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
place¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡too¡¡late¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡always¡¡too¡¡late¡¡to¡¡overtake¡¡a¡¡liberating¡¡idea¡¡
once¡¡it¡¡gets¡¡free¡£¡¡Tolstoi¡¡tells¡¡of¡¡Batenkoff£»¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡nihilist£»¡¡that¡¡after¡¡
he¡¡was¡¡seized¡¡and¡¡confined¡¡in¡¡his¡¡cell¡¡he¡¡was¡¡heard¡¡to¡¡laugh¡¡loudly£»¡¡and£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡11¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡12¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡Bible¡¡
when¡¡they¡¡asked¡¡him¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡his¡¡mirth£»¡¡he¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡fail¡¡
to¡¡be¡¡amused¡¡at¡¡the¡¡absurdity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡situation¡£¡¡¡¨They¡¡have¡¡caught¡¡me£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡
said£»¡¡¡¨and¡¡shut¡¡me¡¡up¡¡here£»¡¡but¡¡my¡¡ideas¡¡are¡¡out¡¡yonder¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡and¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡fields£»¡¡absolutely¡¡free¡£¡¡They¡¡cannot¡¡overtake¡¡them¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡was¡¡already¡¡
too¡¡¡¡¡¡late£»¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡Wiclif's¡¡¡¡¡¡version¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡available£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡stop¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
English¡¡people¡¡in¡¡their¡¡search¡¡for¡¡religious¡¡truth¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡century¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Wiclif¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡translation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡events¡¡
occurred¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡bore¡¡¡¡¡¡heavily¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spread¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
revival¡¡of¡¡learning£»¡¡which¡¡made¡¡popular¡¡again¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡classics¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡classical¡¡languages¡£¡¡Critical¡¡and¡¡exact¡¡Greek¡¡scholarship¡¡became¡¡again¡¡
a¡¡possibility¡£¡¡Remember¡¡that¡¡Wiclif¡¡did¡¡not¡¡know¡¡Greek¡¡nor¡¡Hebrew£»¡¡did¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡foremost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scholar¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Oxford¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡
fourteenth¡¡century¡£¡¡Even¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1502¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡professor¡¡of¡¡Greek¡¡at¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡proud¡¡¡¡¡¡University¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Erfurt¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡Luther¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡student¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
after¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡doctor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡divinity¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡university¡¡¡¡¡¡professor¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡
learned¡¡Greek¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡better¡¡Bible¡¡student£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡young¡¡friend¡¡
Philip¡¡Melancthon¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡Greek¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡££§1£§¡¡¡¡But¡¡
under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Erasmus¡¡and¡¡his¡¡kind£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡new¡¡insistence¡¡on¡¡
classical¡¡learning£»¡¡there¡¡came¡¡necessarily¡¡a¡¡new¡¡appraisal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vulgate¡¡as¡¡
a¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡Bible¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡there¡¡had¡¡been¡¡no¡¡
new¡¡¡¡¡¡study¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡original¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡¡¡¡¡¡languages¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Latin¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Vulgate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Book¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡revival¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
learning¡¡threw¡¡scholarship¡¡back¡¡on¡¡the¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡Erasmus¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
others¡¡published¡¡versions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡Testament¡¡which¡¡were¡¡disturbing¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡Vulgate¡¡as¡¡a¡¡final¡¡version¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡McGiffert£»¡¡Martin¡¡Luther¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡event¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡century¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡invention¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
printing¡¡with¡¡movable¡¡type¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡1455¡¡that¡¡Gutenberg¡¡printed¡¡his¡¡first¡¡
book£»¡¡an¡¡edition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vulgate£»¡¡now¡¡called¡¡the¡¡Mazarin¡¡Bible¡£¡¡The¡¡bearing¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡invention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spread¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡
description¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡late¡¡to¡¡be¡¡praising¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡printing£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡need¡¡
spend¡¡little¡¡time¡¡doing¡¡so£»¡¡but¡¡one¡¡can¡¡see¡¡instantly¡¡how¡¡it¡¡affected¡¡the¡¡use¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bible¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡worth¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡learn¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡readthere¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
something¡¡to¡¡read¡£¡¡It¡¡made¡¡it¡¡worth¡¡while¡¡to¡¡writethere¡¡would¡¡be¡¡some¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡13¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡Bible¡¡
one¡¡to¡¡read¡¡what¡¡was¡¡written¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡exactly¡¡