phenomenology of mind-第54部分

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as　does　specific　gravity。　The　multiplicity　of　properties　together；　then；　constitutes　the　other　side　to
cohesion。　In　its　case；　however；　as　in　the　case　of　the　multiplicity；　number　is　the　only　characteristic
feature。　which　not　merely　does　not　bring　out　a　relation　and　a　transition　from　one　to　another　of
these　properties；　but　consists　essentially　in　having　no　necessary　relation；　its　nature　is　rather　to
make　manifest　the　absence　of　all　conformity　to　law；　for　it　expresses　the　determinate　character　as
one　that　is　non…essential。　Thus　we　see　that　a　series　of　bodies；　whose　difference　is　expressed　as　a
numerical　difference　of　their　specific　weights；　by　no　means　runs　parallel　to　a　series　where　the
difference　is　constituted　by　the　other　properties；　even　if；　for　purposes　of　simplification；　we　select
merely　one　or　some　of　them。　For；　as　a　matter　of　fact；　it　could　only　be　the　tout　ensemble　of　the
properties　which　would　have　to　constitute　the　other　parallel　aspect　here。　To　bring　this　into　orderly
shape　and　to　make　it　a　connected　single　whole；　observation　finds　at　hand　the　quantitative
determinations　of　these　various　properties；　on　the　other　hand；　however；　their　differences　come　to
light　as　qualitative。　Now；　in　this　collection；　what　would　have　to　be　characterized　as　positive　or
negative；　and　would　be　cancelled　each　by　the　otherin　general；　the　internal　arrangement　and
exposition　of　the　equation；　which　would　be　very　composite；would　belong　to　the　notion。　The
notion　however　is　excluded　from　operating　just　by　the　way　in　which　the　properties　are　found　lying；
and　are　to　be　picked　up　as　mere　existent　entities。　In　this　condition　of　mere　being；　none　is　negative
in　its　relation　to　another：　the　one　exists　just　as　much　as　the　other；　nor　does　it　in　any　other　fashion
indicate　its　position　in　the　arrangement　of　the　whole。　

In　the　case　of　a　series　with　concurrent　differenceswhether　the　relation　is　meant　to　be　that　of
simultaneous　increase　on　both　sides　or　of　increase　in　the　one　and　decrease　in　the　otherinterest
centres　merely　in　the　last　simple　expression　of　this　combined　whole；　which　would　constitute　the
one　aspect　of　the　law　with　specific　gravity　for　the　opposite。　But　this　one　aspect；　qua　resultant　fact；
is　nothing　else　than　what　has　been　already　mentioned；　viz。　an　individual　property；　say；　like　ordinary
cohesion；　alongside　and　indifferent　to　which　the　others；　specific　gravity　among　them；　are　found
lying；　and　every　other　can　be　selected　equally　rightly；　i。e。　equally　wrongly；　to　stand　as
representative　of　the　entire　other　aspect；　one　as　well　as　the　other　would　merely　〃represent〃　or
stand　for　＇German　vorstellen＇　the　essential　reality　（Wesen）；　but　would　not　actually　be　the　fact
（Sache）　itself。　Thus　it　seems　that　the　attempt　to　find　series　of　bodies　which　should　in　their　two
aspects　run　continuously　and　simply　parallel；　and　express　the　essential　nature　of　the　bodies　in　a　law
holding　of　these　aspects；　must　be　looked　at　as　an　aim　that　is　ignorant　alike　of　what　it　is　about　and
of　the　means　for　carrying　it　through。　

Heretofore　the　relation　between　the　inner　and　outer　phases　in　the　organic　form　set　before
observation　was　forthwith　transferred　to　the　sphere　of　the　inorganic。　The　determinate　condition　to
which　this　is　due　can　now　be　stated　more　precisely；　and　there　arises　thence　a　further　form　and
relation　of　this　situation。　What　seems　to　present　the　possibility　of　such　a　comparison　of　inner　and
outer　in　the　case　of　the　inorganic；　drops　away　altogether　when　we　come　to　the　organic。　The
inorganic　inner　is　a　simple　inner；　which　comes　before　perception　as　a　merely　existent　property。　Its
characteristic　determination　is　therefore　essentially　quantity；　and　it　appears　as　an　existent　property
indifferent　towards　the　outer；　or　the　plurality　of　other　sense　properties。　The　self…existence　of　the
living　organism；　however；　does　not　so　stand　on　one　side　opposed　to　its　outer；　it　has　the　principle
of　otherness　in　itself。　If　we　characterize　self…existence　as　a　simple　self…preserving　relation　to　self；　its
otherness　is　simple　negativity；　and　organic　unity　is　the　unity　of　self…identical　self…relation　and　pure
negativity。　This　unity　is　qua　unity　the　inwardness　of　the　organic；　the　organic　is　thereby　inherently
universal；　it　is　a　genus。　The　freedom　of　the　genus　with　reference　to　its　realization　is；　however；
something　different　from　the　freedom　of　specific　gravity　with　reference　to　embodied　form。　That　of
the　latter　is　freedom　in　the　sphere　of　existence　（seyende　Freiheit）；　in　the　sense　that　it　takes　its
stand　on　one　side　as　a　particular　property。　But　because　it　is　an　existent　freedom；　it　is　also　only　a
determinate　character　which　belongs　essentially　to　this　embodied　form；　or　by　which　this　form　qua
essence　is　something　determinate。　The　freedom；　however；　of　the　genus　is　a　universal　freedom；　and
indifferent　to　this　embodied　form；　or　towards　its　realization。　The　determinateness　which　attaches　to
self…existence　as　such　of　the　inorganic；　falls　therefore　in　the　case　of　the　organic　under　its
self…existence；　while　in　the　case　of　the　inorganic　it　applies　merely　to　the　existence　of　the　latter。
Hence；　although　in　the　case　of　the　latter　that　determinate　characteristic　appears　at　the　same　time
only　as　a　property；　yet　it　possesses　the　value　of　being　essential；　because　qua　pure　negative　it
stands　over　against　concrete　existence　which　is　being　for　another；　and　this　simple　negative　in　its
final　and　particular　determinateness　is　a　number。　The　organic；　however；　is　a　form　of　singleness；
which　is　itself　pure　negativity；　and　hence　abolishes　within　it　the　fixed　determinateness　of　number；
which　is　applicable　to　the　indifference　of　mere　being。　So　far　as　it　has　in　it　the　moment　of　indifferent
being　and　thereby　of　number；　this　numerical　aspect　can　therefore　only　be　regarded　as　an　incident
within　it；　but　not　as　the　essential　nature　of　its　living　activity。　

But　now；　though　pure　negativity；　the　principle　of　the　process；　does　not　fall　outside　the　organic；　and
though　the　organic　does　not　in　its　essence　possess　negativity　as　an　adjectival　characteristic；　the
singleness　of　the　individual　organism　being　instead　inherently　universal；　yet　this　pure　singleness　is
not　therein　developed　and　realized　in　its　various　moments　as　if　these　were　themselves　abstract　or
universal。　On　the　contrary；　this　developed　expression　makes　its　appearance　outside　that
universality；　which　thus　falls　back　into　mere　inwardness；　and　between　the　concrete　realization；　the
embodied　form；　i。e。　the　self…developing　individual　singleness　of　the　organism；　and　the　organic
universal；　the　genus；　appears　the　determinate　or　specific　universal；　the　species。　The　existential
form；　to　which　the　negativity　of　the　universal；　the　negativity　of　the　genus；　attains；　is　merely　the
explicitly　developed　movement　of　a　process；　carried　out　among　the　parts　of　the　given　shape
assumed　by　the　organism。　If　the　genus　had　the　different　parts　within　itself　as　an　unbroken　simple
unity；　so　that　its　simple　negativity　as　such　were　at　the　same　time　a　movement；　carried　on　through
parts　equally　simple　and　directly　universal　in　themselves；　which　were　here　actual　as　such　moments；
then　the　organic　genus　would　be　consciousness。　But；　as　it　is；　the　simple　determinate　character；　qua
determinateness　of　the　species；　is　present　in　an　unconscious　manner　in　the　genus；　concrete
realization　starts　from　the　genus；　in　other　words　what　finds　express　realization　is　not　the　genus　as
such；　i。e。　not　really　thought。　This　genus；　qua　actual　organic　fact；　is　merely　represented　by　a
deputy。　Number；　which　is　the　representative　here；　seems　to　designate　the　transition　from　the　genus
into　the　individual　embodiment；　and　to　set　before　observation　the　two　aspects　of　the　necessary
constitution；　now　in　the　form　of　a　simple　characteristic；　and　again　in　the　form　of　an　organic　shape
with　all　its　manifold　variety　fully　developed。　This　representative；　however；　really　denotes　the
indifference　and　freedom　of　the　universal　and　the　individual　as　regards　one　another；　the　genus　puts
the　individual　at　the　mercy　of　mere　quantitative　difference；　a　non…essential　element；　but　the
individual　qua　living　shows　itself　equally　independent　of　this　difference。　True　universality；　in　the
way　specified；　is　here　merely　inner　nature；　qua　characteristic　determining　the　species　it　is　formal
universality；　and　in　contrast　to　the　latter；　that　true　universality　takes　its　stand　on　the　side　of　organic
individual　singleness；　which　is　thereby　a　living　individual　entity；　and　owing　to　its　inner　nature　is　not
concerned　with　its　determinate　character　qua　species。　But　this　singleness　is　not　at　the　same　time　a
universal　individual；　i。e。　one　in　which　universality　would　have　external　realization　as　well；　i。e。　the
universal　individual　falls　outside　the　living　organic　whole。　This　universal　individual；　however；　in　the
way　it　is　immediately　the　individual　of　the　natural　embodiments　of　organic　life；　is　not　consciousness
itself：　its　existence　qua　single　organic　living　individual　could　not　fall　outside　that　universal　if　it　were
to　be　consciousness。　

We　have；　then；　here　a　connected　system；　where　one　extreme　is　the　universal　life　qua　universal　or
genus；　the　other　being　that　same　life　qua　a　single　whole；　or　universal　individual：　the　mediating　term；
however；　is　a　combination　of　both；　the　first　seeming　to　fit　itself　into　it　as　determinate　universality　or
as　species；　the　other　as　single　whole　proper　or　single　individuality。　And　since　this　connected
system　belongs　altogether　to　the　aspect　of　the　organic　embodiment；　it　comprehends　within　it　too
what　is　distinguished　as　inorganic　nature。　

Since；　now；　the　universal　life　qua　the　simple　essence　of　the　genus　develops　from　its　side　the
distinctions　of　the　notion；　and　has　to　exhibit　them　in　the　form　of　a　series　of　simple　determining
characteristics；　this　series　is　a　system　of　distinctions　set　up　indifferently；　or　is　a　numerical　series。
Whereas　formerly　the　organic　in　the　form　of　something　individual　and　single　was　placed　in
opposition　to　this　non…essential　distinction　＇of　quantity＇；　a　distinction　which　neither　expresses　nor
contains　its　living　nature：　and　while　precisely　the　same　has　to　be　stated　as　regards　the　inorganic；
taking　into　account　its　entire　exist