second treatise of government-第16部分

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m　in　the　same　difficulties　　that　it　doth　those　they　use　it　against；　yet　I　shall　endeavour　to　　discover　the　weakness　of　this　argument　a　little　farther。　　　　All　　men；　say　they；　are　born　under　government；　and　therefore　they　　cannot　be　at　liberty　to　begin　a　new　one。　　Every　one　is　born　a　　subject　to　his　father；　or　his　prince；　and　is　therefore　under　the　　perpetual　tie　of　subjection　and　allegiance。　　It　is　plain　mankind　　never　owned　nor　considered　any　such　natural　subjection　that　they　　were　born　in；　to　one　or　to　the　other　that　tied　them；　without　　their　own　consents；　to　a　subjection　to　them　and　their　heirs。　　　　　　Sec。　115。　　For　there　are　no　examples　so　frequent　in　history；　　both　sacred　and　profane；　as　those　of　men　withdrawing　themselves；　　and　their　obedience；　from　the　jurisdiction　they　were　born　under；　　and　the　family　or　community　they　were　bred　up　in；　and　setting　up　　new　governments　in　other　places；　from　whence　sprang　all　that　　number　of　petty　commonwealths　in　the　beginning　of　ages；　and　which　　always　multiplied；　as　long　as　there　was　room　enough；　till　the　　stronger；　or　more　fortunate；　swallowed　the　weaker；　and　those　　great　ones　again　breaking　to　pieces；　dissolved　into　lesser　　dominions。　　All　which　are　so　many　testimonies　against　paternal　　sovereignty；　and　plainly　prove；　that　it　was　not　the　natural　right　　of　the　father　descending　to　his　heirs；　that　made　governments　in　　the　beginning；　since　it　was　impossible；　upon　that　ground；　there　

should　have　been　so　many　little　kingdoms；　all　must　have　been　but　　only　one　universal　monarchy；　if　men　had　not　been　at　liberty　to　　separate　themselves　from　their　families；　and　the　government；　be　　it　what　it　will；　that　was　set　up　in　it；　and　go　and　make　distinct　　commonwealths　and　other　governments；　as　they　thought　fit。　　　　　　Sec。　116。　　This　has　been　the　practice　of　the　world　from　its　　first　beginning　to　this　day；　nor　is　it　now　any　more　hindrance　to　　the　freedom　of　mankind；　that　they　are　born　under　constituted　and　　ancient　polities；　that　have　established　laws；　and　set　forms　of　　government；　than　if　they　were　born　in　the　woods；　amongst　the　　unconfined　inhabitants；　that　run　loose　in　them：　for　those；　who　　would　persuade　us；　that　by　being　born　under　any　government；　we　　are　naturally　subjects　to　it；　and　have　no　more　any　title　or　　pretence　to　the　freedom　of　the　state　of　nature；　have　no　other　　reason　（bating　that　of　paternal　power；　which　we　have　already　　answered）　to　produce　for　it；　but　only；　because　our　fathers　or　　progenitors　passed　away　their　natural　liberty；　and　thereby　bound　　up　themselves　and　their　posterity　to　a　perpetual　subjection　to　　the　government；　which　they　themselves　submitted　to。　　It　is　true；　　that　whatever　engagements　or　promises　any　one　has　made　for　　himself；　he　is　under　the　obligation　of　them；　but　cannot；　by　any　　compact　whatsoever；　bind　his　children　or　posterity：　for　his　son；　　when　a　man；　being　altogether　as　free　as　the　father；　any　act　of　　the　father　can　no　more　give　away　the　liberty　of　the　son；　than　it　　can　of　any　body　else：　he　may　indeed　annex　such　conditions　to　the　　land；　he　enjoyed　as　a　subject　of　any　common…wealth；　as　may　oblige　　his　son　to　be　of　that　community；　if　he　will　enjoy　those　　possessions　which　were　his　father's；　because　that　estate　being　　his　father's　property；　he　may　dispose；　or　settle　it；　as　he　　pleases。　　　　　　Sec。　117。　　And　this　has　generally　given　the　occasion　to　　mistake　in　this　matter；　because　commonwealths　not　permitting　any　　part　of　their　dominions　to　be　dismembered；　nor　to　be　enjoyed　by　　any　but　those　of　their　community；　the　son　cannot　ordinarily　enjoy　　the　possessions　of　his　father；　but　under　the　same　terms　his　　father　did；　by　becoming　a　member　of　the　society；　whereby　he　puts　　himself　presently　under　the　government　he　finds　there　　established；　as　much　as　any　other　subject　of　that　common…wealth。　　　And　thus　the　consent　of　freemen；　born　under　government；　which　　only　makes　them　members　of　it；　being　given　separately　in　their　　turns；　as　each　comes　to　be　of　age；　and　not　in　a　multitude　　together；　people　take　no　notice　of　it；　and　thinking　it　not　done　　at　all；　or　not　necessary；　conclude　they　are　naturally　subjects　as　　they　are　men。　　　　　　Sec。　118。　　But；　it　is　plain；　governments　themselves　　understand　it　otherwise；　they　claim　no　power　over　the　son；　　because　of　that　they　had　over　the　father；　nor　look　on　children　as　　being　their　subjects；　by　their　fathers　being　so。　　If　a　subject　of　　England　have　a　child；　by　an　English　woman　in　France；　whose　　subject　is　he？　　Not　the　king　of　England's；　for　he　must　have　leave　　to　be　admitted　to　the　privileges　of　it：　nor　the　king　of　France's；　　for　how　then　has　his　father　a　liberty　to　bring　him　away；　and　　breed　him　as　he　pleases？　and　who　ever　was　judged　as　a　traytor　or　　deserter；　if　he　left；　or　warred　against　a　country；　for　being　　barely　born　in　it　of　parents　that　were　aliens　there？　　It　is　plain　　then；　by　the　practice　of　governments　themselves；　as　well　as　by　　the　law　of　right　reason；　that　a　child　is　born　a　subject　of　no　　country　or　government。　　He　is　under　his　father's　tuition　and　　authority；　till　he　comes　to　age　of　discretion；　and　then　he　is　a　　freeman；　at　liberty　what　government　he　will　put　himself　under；　　what　body　politic　he　will　unite　himself　to：　for　if　an　　Englishman's　son；　born　in　France；　be　at　liberty；　and　may　do　so；　　it　is　evident　there　is　no　tie　upon　him　by　his　father's　being　a　　subject　of　this　kingdom；　nor　is　he　bound　up　by　any　compact　of　his　　ancestors。　　And　why　then　hath　not　his　son；　by　the　same　reason；　　the　same　liberty；　though　he　be　born　any　where　else？　　Since　the　

power　that　a　father　hath　naturally　over　his　children；　is　the　　same；　where…ever　they　be　born；　and　the　ties　of　natural　　obligations；　are　not　bounded　by　the　positive　limits　of　kingdoms　　and　commonwealths。　　　　　　Sec。　119。　　Every　man　being；　as　has　been　shewed；　naturally　　free；　and　nothing　being　able　to　put　him　into　subjection　to　any　　earthly　power；　but　only　his　own　consent；　it　is　to　be　considered；　　what　shall　be　understood　to　be　a　sufficient　declaration　of　a　　man's　consent；　to　make　him　subject　to　the　laws　of　any　government。　　　There　is　a　common　distinction　of　an　express　and　a　tacit　consent；　　which　will　concern　our　present　case。　　No　body　doubts　but　an　　express　consent；　of　any　man　entering　into　any　society；　makes　him　　a　perfect　member　of　that　society；　a　subject　of　that　government。　　　The　difficulty　is；　what　ought　to　be　looked　upon　as　a　tacit　　consent；　and　how　far　it　binds；　i。e。　　　how　far　any　one　shall　be　　looked　on　to　have　consented；　and　thereby　submitted　to　any　　government；　where　he　has　made　no　expressions　of　it　at　all。　　And　　to　this　I　say；　that　every　man；　that　hath　any　possessions；　or　　enjoyment；　of　any　part　of　the　dominions　of　any　government；　cloth　　thereby　give　his　tacit　consent；　and　is　as　far　forth　obliged　to　　obedience　to　the　laws　of　that　government；　during　such　enjoyment；　　as　any　one　under　it；　whether　this　his　possession　be　of　land；　to　　him　and　his　heirs　for　ever；　or　a　lodging　only　for　a　week；　or　　whether　it　be　barely　travelling　freely　on　the　highway；　and　in　　effect；　it　reaches　as　far　as　the　very　being　of　any　one　within　the　　territories　of　that　government。　　　　　　Sec。　120。　　To　understand　this　the　better；　it　is　fit　to　　consider；　that　every　man；　when　he　at　first　incorporates　himself　　into　any　commonwealth；　he；　by　his　uniting　himself　thereunto；　　annexed　also；　and　submits　to　the　community；　those　possessions；　　which　he　has；　or　shall　acquire；　that　do　not　already　belong　to　any　　other　government：　for　it　would　be　a　direct　contradiction；　for　any　　one　to　enter　into　society　with　others　for　the　securing　and　　regulating　of　property；　and　yet　to　suppose　his　land；　whose　　property　is　to　be　regulated　by　the　laws　of　the　society；　should　be　　exempt　from　the　jurisdiction　of　that　government；　to　which　he　　himself；　the　proprietor　of　the　land；　is　a　subject。　　　By　the　same　　act　therefore；　whereby　any　one　unites　his　person；　which　was　　before　free；　to　any　common…wealth；　by　the　same　he　unites　his　　possessions；　which　were　before　free；　to　it　also；　and　they　become；　　both　of　them；　person　and　possession；　subject　to　the　government　　and　dominion　of　that　common…wealth；　as　long　as　it　hath　a　being。　　　VVhoever　therefore；　from　thenceforth；　by　inheritance；　purchase；　　permission；　or　otherways；　enjoys　any　part　of　the　land；　so　annexed　　to；　and　under　the　government　of　that　common…wealth；　must　take　it　　with　the　condition　it　is　under；　that　is；　of　submitting　to　the　　government　of　the　common…wealth；　under　whose　jurisdiction　it　is；　　as　far　forth　as　any　subject　of　it。　　　　　　Sec。　121。　　But　since　the　government　has　a　direct　　jurisdiction　only　over　the　land；　and　reaches　the　possessor　of　it；　　（before　he　has　actually　incorporated　himself　in　the　society）　only　　as　he　dwells　upon；　and　enjoys　that；　the　obligation　any　one　is　　under；　by　virtue　of　such　enjoyment；　to　submit　to　the　government；　　begins　and　ends　with　the　enjoyment；　so　that　whenever　the　owner；　　who　has　given　nothing　but　such　a　tacit　consent　to　the　government；　　will；　by　donation；　sale；　or　otherwise；　quit　the　said　possession；　　he　is　at　liberty　to　go　and　incorporate　himself　into　any　other　　common…wealth；　or　to　agree　with　others　to　begin　a　new　one；　in　　vacuis　locis；　in　any　part　of　the　world；　they　can　find　free　and　　unpossessed：　whereas　he；　that　has　once；　by　actual　agreement；　and　　any　express　declaration；　given　his　consent　to　be　of　any　common…　wealth；　is　perpetually　and　indispensably　obliged　to　be；　and　　remain　unalterably　a　subject　to　it；　and　can　never　be　again　in　the　　liberty　of　the　state　of　nature；　unless；　by　any　calamity；　the　　government　he　was　under　comes　to　be　dissolved；　or　else　by　some　　public　act　cuts　him　off　from　being　any　longer　a　member　of　it。

　　　　　Sec。　122。　　But　submitting　to　the　laws　of　any　country；　living　　quietly；　and　enjoying　privileges　and　protection　under　them；　makes　　not　a　man　a　member　of　that　society：　this　is　only　a　local　　protection　and　homage　due　to　and　from　all　those；　who；　not　being　　in　a　state　of　war；　come　within　the　territories　belonging　to　any　　government；　to　all　parts　whereof　the　force　of　its　laws　extends。　　　But　this　no　more　makes　a　man　a　member　of　that　society；　a　　perpetual　subject　of　that　common…wealth；　than　it　would　make　a　man　　a　subject　to　another；　in　whose　family　he　found　it　convenient　to　　abide　for　some　time；　though；　whilst　he　continued　in　it；　he　were　　obliged　to　comply　with　the