second treatise of government-第27部分

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posed　to　　nothing；　but　to　unjust　and　unlawful　force；　whoever　makes　any　　opposition　in　any　other　case；　draws　on　himself　a　just　　condemnation　both　from　God　and　man；　and　so　no　such　danger　or　　confusion　will　follow；　as　is　often　suggested：　for；　　　　　　Sec。　205。　　First；　As；　in　some　countries；　the　person　of　the　　prince　by　the　law　is　sacred；　and　so；　whatever　he　commands　or　　does；　his　person　is　still　free　from　all　question　or　violence；　not　　liable　to　force；　or　any　judicial　censure　or　condemnation。　　But　

yet　opposition　may　be　made　to　the　illegal　acts　of　any　inferior　　officer；　or　other　commissioned　by　him；　unless　he　will；　by　　actually　putting　himself　into　a　state　of　war　with　his　people；　　dissolve　the　government；　and　leave　them　to　that　defence　which　　belongs　to　every　one　in　the　state　of　nature：　for　of　such　things　　who　can　tell　what　the　end　will　be？　and　a　neighbour　kingdom　has　　shewed　the　world　an　odd　example。　　In　all　other　cases　the　　sacredness　of　the　person　exempts　him　from　all　inconveniencies；　　whereby　he　is　secure；　whilst　the　government　stands；　from　all　　violence　and　harm　whatsoever；　than　which　there　cannot　be　a　wiser　　constitution：　for　the　harm　he　can　do　in　his　own　person　not　being　　likely　to　happen　often；　nor　to　extend　itself　far；　nor　being　able　　by　his　single　strength　to　subvert　the　laws；　nor　oppress　the　body　　of　the　people；　should　any　prince　have　so　much　weakness；　and　ill　　nature　as　to　be　willing　to　do　it；　the　inconveniency　of　some　　particular　mischiefs；　that　may　happen　sometimes；　when　a　heady　　prince　comes　to　the　throne；　are　well　recompensed　by　the　peace　of　　the　public；　and　security　of　the　government；　in　the　person　of　the　　chief　magistrate；　thus　set　out　of　the　reach　of　danger：　it　being　　safer　for　the　body；　that　some　few　private　men　should　be　sometimes　　in　danger　to　suffer；　than　that　the　head　of　the　republic　should　be　　easily；　and　upon　slight　occasions；　exposed。　　　　　　Sec。　206。　　Secondly；　But　this　privilege；　belonging　only　to　　the　king's　person；　hinders　not；　but　they　may　be　questioned；　　opposed；　and　resisted；　who　use　unjust　force；　though　they　pretend　　a　commission　from　him；　which　the　law　authorizes　not；　as　is　plain　　in　the　case　of　him　that　has　the　king's　writ　to　arrest　a　man；　　which　is　a　full　commission　from　the　king；　and　yet　he　that　has　it　　cannot　break　open　a　man's　house　to　do　it；　nor　execute　this　　command　of　the　king　upon　certain　days；　nor　in　certain　places；　　though　this　commission　have　no　such　exception　in　it；　but　they　are　　the　limitations　of　the　law；　which　if　any　one　transgress；　the　　king's　commission　excuses　him　not：　for　the　king's　authority　being　　given　him　only　by　the　law；　he　cannot　impower　any　one　to　act　　against　the　law；　or　justify　him；　by　his　commission；　in　so　doing；　　the　commission；　or　command　of　any　magistrate；　where　he　has　no　　authority；　being　as　void　and　insignificant；　as　that　of　any　　private　man；　the　difference　between　the　one　and　the　other；　being　　that　the　magistrate　has　some　authority　so　far；　and　to　such　ends；　　and　the　private　man　has　none　at　all：　for　it　is　not　the　　commission；　but　the　authority；　that　gives　the　right　of　acting；　　and　against　the　laws　there　can　be　no　authority。　　But；　　notwithstanding　such　resistance；　the　king's　person　and　authority　　are　still　both　secured；　and　so　no　danger　to　governor　or　　government；　　　　　　Sec。　207。　　Thirdly；　Supposing　a　government　wherein　the　　person　of　the　chief　magistrate　is　not　thus　sacred；　yet　this　　doctrine　of　the　lawfulness　of　resisting　all　unlawful　exercises　of　　his　power；　will　not　upon　every　slight　occasion　indanger　him；　or　　imbroil　the　government：　for　where　the　injured　party　may　be　　relieved；　and　his　damages　repaired　by　appeal　to　the　law；　there　　can　be　no　pretence　for　force；　which　is　only　to　be　used　where　a　　man　is　intercepted　from　appealing　to　the　law：　for　nothing　is　to　　be　accounted　hostile　force；　but　where　it　leaves　not　the　remedy　of　　such　an　appeal；　and　it　is　such　force　alone；　that　puts　him　that　　uses　it　into　a　state　of　war；　and　makes　it　lawful　to　resist　him。　　　A　man　with　a　sword　in　his　hand　demands　my　purse　in　the　high…way；　　when　perhaps　I　have　not　twelve　pence　in　my　pocket：　this　man　I　may　　lawfully　kill。　　To　another　I　deliver　lool。　　to　hold　only　whilst　I　　alight；　which　he　refuses　to　restore　me；　when　I　am　got　up　again；　　but　draws　his　sword　to　defend　the　possession　of　it　by　force；　if　I　　endeavour　to　retake　it。　　The　mischief　this　man　does　me　is　a　　hundred；　or　possibly　a　thousand　times　more　than　the　other　perhaps　　intended　me　（whom　I　killed　before　he　really　did　me　any）；　and　yet　　I　might　lawfully　kill　the　one；　and　cannot　so　much　as　hurt　the　　other　lawfully。　　The　reason　whereof　is　plain；　because　the　one　

using　force；　which　threatened　my　life；　I　could　not　have　time　to　　appeal　to　the　law　to　secure　it：　and　when　it　was　gone；　it　was　too　　late　to　appeal。　　The　law　could　not　restore　life　to　my　dead　　carcass：　the　loss　was　irreparable；　which　to　prevent；　the　law　of　　nature　gave　me　a　right　to　destroy　him；　who　had　put　himself　into　a　　state　of　war　with　me；　and　threatened　my　destruction。　　But　in　the　　other　case；　my　life　not　being　in　danger；　I　may　have　the　benefit　　of　appealing　to　the　law；　and　have　reparation　for　my　lool。　　that　　way。　　　　　　Sec。　208。　　Fourthly；　But　if　the　unlawful　acts　done　by　the　　magistrate　be　maintained　（by　the　power　he　has　got）；　and　the　　remedy　which　is　due　by　law；　be　by　the　same　power　obstructed；　yet　　the　right　of　resisting；　even　in　such　manifest　acts　of　tyranny；　　will　not　suddenly；　or　on　slight　occasions；　disturb　the　　government：　for　if　it　reach　no　farther　than　some　private　men's　　cases；　though　they　have　a　right　to　defend　themselves；　and　to　　recover　by　force　what　by　unlawful　force　is　taken　from　them；　yet　　the　right　to　do　so　will　not　easily　engage　them　in　a　contest；　　wherein　they　are　sure　to　perish；　it　being　as　impossible　for　one；　　or　a　few　oppressed　men　to　disturb　the　government；　where　the　body　　of　the　people　do　not　think　themselves　concerned　in　it；　as　for　a　　raving　mad…man；　or　heady　malcontent　to　overturn　a　well　settled　　state；　the　people　being　as　little　apt　to　follow　the　one；　as　the　　other。　　　　　　Sec。　209。　　But　if　either　these　illegal　acts　have　extended　to　　the　majority　of　the　people；　or　if　the　mischief　and　oppression　has　　lighted　only　on　some　few；　but　in　such　cases；　as　the　precedent；　　and　consequences　seem　to　threaten　all；　and　they　are　persuaded　in　　their　consciences；　that　their　laws；　and　with　them　their　estates；　　liberties；　and　lives　are　in　danger；　and　perhaps　their　religion　　too；　how　they　will　be　hindered　from　resisting　illegal　force；　used　　against　them；　I　cannot　tell。　　This　is　an　inconvenience；　I　　confess；　that　attends　all　governments　whatsoever；　when　the　　governors　have　brought　it　to　this　pass；　to　be　generally　suspected　　of　their　people；　the　most　dangerous　state　which　they　can　possibly　　put　themselves　in。　　wherein　they　are　the　less　to　be　pitied；　　because　it　is　so　easy　to　be　avoided；　it　being　as　impossible　for　a　　governor；　if　he　really　means　the　good　of　his　people；　and　the　　preservation　of　them；　and　their　laws　together；　not　to　make　them　　see　and　feel　it；　as　it　is　for　the　father　of　a　family；　not　to　let　　his　children　see　he　loves；　and　takes　care　of　them。　　　　　　Sec。　210。　　But　if　all　the　world　shall　observe　pretences　of　　one　kind；　and　actions　of　another；　arts　used　to　elude　the　law；　and　　the　trust　of　prerogative　（which　is　an　arbitrary　power　in　some　　things　left　in　the　prince's　hand　to　do　good；　not　harm　to　the　　people）　employed　contrary　to　the　end　for　which　it　was　given：　if　　the　people　shall　find　the　ministers　and　subordinate　magistrates　　chosen　suitable　to　such　ends；　and　favoured；　or　laid　by；　　proportionably　as　they　promote　or　oppose　them：　if　they　see　　several　experiments　made　of　arbitrary　power；　and　that　religion　　underhand　favoured；　（tho'　publicly　proclaimed　against）　which　is　　readiest　to　introduce　it；　and　the　operators　in　it　supported；　as　　much　as　may　be；　and　when　that　cannot　be　done；　yet　approved　still；　　and　liked　the　better：　if　a　long　train　of　actions　shew　the　　councils　all　tending　that　way；　how　can　a　man　any　more　hinder　　himself　from　being　persuaded　in　his　own　mind；　which　way　things　　are　going；　or　from　casting　about　how　to　save　himself；　than　he　　could　from　believing　the　captain　of　the　ship　he　was　in；　was　　carrying　him；　and　the　rest　of　the　company；　to　Algiers；　when　he　　found　him　always　steering　that　course；　though　cross　winds；　leaks　　in　his　ship；　and　want　of　men　and　provisions　did　often　force　him　　to　turn　his　course　another　way　for　some　time；　which　he　steadily　　returned　to　again；　as　soon　as　the　wind；　weather；　and　other　　circumstances　would　let　him？




　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAP。　　XIX。

　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Dissolution　of　Government。

　　　　　Sec。　211。　　HE　that　will　with　any　clearness　speak　of　the　　dissolution　of　government；　ought　in　the　first　place　to　　distinguish　between　the　dissolution　of　the　society　and　the　　dissolution　of　the　government。　　　That　which　makes　the　community；　　and　brings　men　out　of　the　loose　state　of　nature；　into　one　politic　　society；　is　the　agreement　which　every　one　has　with　the　rest　to　　incorporate；　and　act　as　one　body；　and　so　be　one　distinct　common…　wealth。　　The　usual；　and　almost　only　way　whereby　this　union　is　　dissolved；　is　the　inroad　of　foreign　force　mak　ing　a　conquest　upon　them：　for　in　that　case；　（not　being　able　to　　maintain　and　support　themselves；　as　one　intire　and　independent　　body）　the　union　belonging　to　that　body　which　consisted　therein；　　must　necessarily　cease；　and　so　every　one　return　to　the　state　he　　was　in　before；　with　a　liberty　to　shift　for　himself；　and　provide　　for　his　own　safety；　as　he　thinks　fit；　in　some　other　society。　　　Whenever　the　society　is　dissolved；　it　is　certain　the　government　　of　that　society　cannot　remain。　　Thus　conquerors　swords　often　cut　　up　governments　by　the　roots；　and　mangle　societies　to　pieces；　　separating　the　subdued　or　scattered　multitude　from　the　protection　　of；　and　dependence　on；　that　society　which　ought　to　have　preserved　　them　from　violence。　　The　world　is　too　well　instructed　in；　and　too　　forward　to　allow　of；　this　way　of　dissolving　of　governments；　to　　need　any　more　to　be　said　of　it；　and　there　wants　not　much　argument　　to　prove；　that　where　the　society　is　dissolved；　the　government　　cannot　remain；　that　being　as　impossible；　as　for　the　frame　of　an　　house　to　subsist　when　the　materials　of　it　are　scattered　and　　dissipated　by　a　whi