second treatise of government-第6部分

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ed　left　to　nature；　may　truly　be　said　to　give　　ninety　acres　to　mankind：　for　his　labour　now　supplies　him　with　　provisions　out　of　ten　acres；　which　were　but　the　product　of　an　　hundred　lying　in　common。　　I　have　here　rated　the　improved　land　　very　low；　in　making　its　product　but　as　ten　to　one；　when　it　is　　much　nearer　an　hundred　to　one：　for　I　ask；　whether　in　the　wild　　woods　and　uncultivated　waste　of　America；　left　to　nature；　　without　any　improvement；　tillage　or　husbandry；　a　thousand　acres　　yield　the　needy　and　wretched　inhabitants　as　many　conveniencies　of　　life；　as　ten　acres　of　equally　fertile　land　do　in　Devonshire；　　where　they　are　well　cultivated？　　　　　　Before　the　appropriation　of　land；　he　who　gathered　as　much　of　　the　wild　fruit；　killed；　caught；　or　tamed；　as　many　of　the　beasts；　　as　he　could；　he　that　so　imployed　his　pains　about　any　of　the　　spontaneous　products　of　nature；　as　any　way　to　alter　them　from　the　　state　which　nature　put　them　in；　by　placing　any　of　his　labour　　on　them；　did　thereby　acquire　a　propriety　in　them：　but　if　they　　perished；　in　his　possession；　without　their　due　use；　if　the　fruits　　rotted；　or　the　venison　putrified；　before　he　could　spend　it；　he　　offended　against　the　common　law　of　nature；　and　was　liable　to　be　　punished；　he　invaded　his　neighbour's　share；　for　he　had　no　right；　　farther　than　his　use　called　for　any　of　them；　and　they　might　　serve　to　afford　him　conveniencies　of　life。　　　　　　Sec。　38。　　The　same　measures　governed　the　possession　of　　land　too：　whatsoever　he　tilled　and　reaped；　laid　up　and　made　use　　of；　before　it　spoiled；　that　was　his　peculiar　right；　whatsoever　he　　enclosed；　and　could　feed；　and　make　use　of；　the　cattle　and　product　　was　also　his。　　But　if　either　the　grass　of　his　enclosure　rotted　on　　the　ground；　or　the　fruit　of　his　planting　perished　without　　gathering；　and　laying　up；　this　part　of　the　earth；　notwithstanding　　his　enclosure；　was　still　to　be　looked　on　as　waste；　and　might　be　

the　possession　of　any　other。　　Thus；　at　the　beginning；　Cain　　might　take　as　much　ground　as　he　could　till；　and　make　it　his　own　　land；　and　yet　leave　enough　to　Abel's　sheep　to　feed　on；　a　few　　acres　would　serve　for　both　their　possessions。　　But　as　families　　increased；　and　industry　inlarged　their　stocks；　their　possessions　　inlarged　with　the　need　of　them；　but　yet　it　was　commonly　without　　any　fixed　property　in　the　ground　they　made　use　of；　till　they　　incorporated；　settled　themselves　together；　and　built　cities；　and　　then；　by　consent；　they　came　in　time；　to　set　out　the　bounds　of　　their　distinct　territories；　and　agree　on　limits　between　them　and　　their　neighbours；　and　by　laws　within　themselves；　settled　the　　properties　of　those　of　the　same　society：　for　we　see；　that　in　　that　part　of　the　world　which　was　first　inhabited；　and　therefore　　like　to　be　best　peopled；　even　as　low　down　as　Abraham's　time；　　they　wandered　with　their　flocks；　and　their　herds；　which　was　their　　substance；　freely　up　and　down；　and　this　Abraham　did；　in　a　　country　where　he　was　a　stranger。　　Whence　it　is　plain；　that　at　　least　a　great　part　of　the　land　lay　in　common；　that　the　　inhabitants　valued　it　not；　nor　claimed　property　in　any　more　than　　they　made　use　of。　　But　when　there　was　not　room　enough　in　the　same　　place；　for　their　herds　to　feed　together；　they　by　consent；　as　　Abraham　and　Lot　did；　Gen。　xiii。　　5。　　separated　and　inlarged　　their　pasture；　where　it　best　liked　them。　　And　for　the　same　reason　　Esau　went　from　his　father；　and　his　brother；　and　planted　in　　mount　Seir；　Gen。　xxxvi。　6。　　　　　　Sec。　39。　　And　thus；　without　supposing　any　private　dominion；　　and　property　in　Adam；　over　all　the　world；　exclusive　of　all　　other　men；　which　can　no　way　be　proved；　nor　any　one's　property　be　　made　out　from　it；　but　supposing　the　world　given；　as　it　was；　to　　the　children　of　men　in　common；　we　see　how　labour　could　make　　men　distinct　titles　to　several　parcels　of　it；　for　their　private　　uses；　wherein　there　could　be　no　doubt　of　right；　no　room　for　　quarrel。　　　　　　Sec。　40。　　Nor　is　it　so　strange；　as　perhaps　before　　consideration　it　may　appear；　that　the　property　of　labour　should　　be　able　to　over…balance　the　community　of　land：　for　it　is　labour　　indeed　that　puts　the　difference　of　value　on　every　thing；　and　　let　any　one　consider　what　the　difference　is　between　an　acre　of　　land　planted　with　tobacco　or　sugar；　sown　with　wheat　or　barley；　　and　an　acre　of　the　same　land　lying　in　common；　without　any　　husbandry　upon　it；　and　he　will　find；　that　the　improvement　of　　labour　makes　the　far　greater　part　of　the　value。　　I　think　it　　will　be　but　a　very　modest　computation　to　say；　that　of　the　　products　of　the　earth　useful　to　the　life　of　man　nine　tenths　are　　the　effects　of　labour：　nay；　if　we　will　rightly　estimate　things　　as　they　come　to　our　use；　and　cast　up　the　several　expences　about　　them；　what　in　them　is　purely　owing　to　nature；　and　what　to　　labour；　we　shall　find；　that　in　most　of　them　ninety…nine　　hundredths　are　wholly　to　be　put　on　the　account　of　labour。　　　　　　　　Sec。　41。　　There　cannot　be　a　clearer　demonstration　of　any　　thing；　than　several　nations　of　the　Americans　are　of　this；　who　　are　rich　in　land；　and　poor　in　all　the　comforts　of　life；　whom　　nature　having　furnished　as　liberally　as　any　other　people；　with　　the　materials　of　plenty；　i。e。　a　fruitful　soil；　apt　to　produce　　in　abundance；　what　might　serve　for　food；　raiment；　and　delight；　　yet　for　want　of　improving　it　by　labour；　have　not　one　hundredth　　part　of　the　conveniencies　we　enjoy：　and　a　king　of　a　large　and　　fruitful　territory　there；　feeds；　lodges；　and　is　clad　worse　than　a　　day…labourer　in　England。　　　　　　　　Sec。　42。　　To　make　this　a　little　clearer；　let　us　but　trace　　some　of　the　ordinary　provisions　of　life；　through　their　several　　progresses；　before　they　come　to　our　use；　and　see　how　much　they　　receive　of　their　value　from　human　industry。　　Bread；　wine　and　　cloth；　are　things　of　daily　use；　and　great　plenty；　yet　　notwithstanding；　acorns；　water　and　leaves；　or　skins；　must　be　our　　bread；　drink　and　cloathing；　did　not　labour　furnish　us　with　

these　more　useful　commodities：　for　whatever　bread　is　more　worth　　than　acorns；　wine　than　water；　and　cloth　or　silk；　than　leaves；　　skins　or　moss；　that　is　wholly　owing　to　labour　and　industry；　　the　one　of　these　being　the　food　and　raiment　which　unassisted　　nature　furnishes　us　with；　the　other；　provisions　which　our　　industry　and　pains　prepare　for　us；　which　how　much　they　exceed　the　　other　in　value；　when　any　one　hath　computed；　he　will　then　see　how　　much　labour　makes　the　far　greatest　part　of　the　value　of　things　　we　enjoy　in　this　world：　and　the　ground　which　produces　the　　materials；　is　scarce　to　be　reckoned　in；　as　any；　or　at　most；　but　a　　very　small　part　of　it；　so　little；　that　even　amongst　us；　land　that　　is　left　wholly　to　nature；　that　hath　no　improvement　of　pasturage；　　tillage；　or　planting；　is　called；　as　indeed　it　is；　waste；　and　we　　shall　find　the　benefit　of　it　amount　to　little　more　than　nothing。　　This　shews　how　much　numbers　of　men　are　to　be　preferred　to　　largeness　of　dominions；　and　that　the　increase　of　lands；　and　the　　right　employing　of　them；　is　the　great　art　of　government：　and　that　　prince；　who　shall　be　so　wise　and　godlike；　as　by　established　laws　　of　liberty　to　secure　protection　and　encouragement　to　the　honest　　industry　of　mankind；　against　the　oppression　of　power　and　　narrowness　of　party；　will　quickly　be　too　hard　for　his　neighbours：　　but　this　by　the　by。　　To　return　to　the　argument　in　hand；　　　　　　Sec。　43。　　An　acre　of　land；　that　bears　here　twenty　bushels　of　　wheat；　and　another　in　America；　which；　with　the　same　husbandry；　　would　do　the　like；　are；　without　doubt；　of　the　same　natural　　intrinsic　value：　but　yet　the　benefit　mankind　receives　from　the　　one　in　a　year；　is　worth　5l。　　and　from　the　other　possibly　not　　worth　a　penny；　if　all　the　profit　an　Indian　received　from　it　were　　to　be　valued；　and　sold　here；　at　least；　I　may　truly　say；　not　one　　thousandth。　　It　is　labour　then　which　puts　the　greatest　part　of　　value　upon　land；　without　which　it　would　scarcely　be　worth　any　　thing：　it　is　to　that　we　owe　the　greatest　part　of　all　its　useful　　products；　for　all　that　the　straw；　bran；　bread；　of　that　acre　of　　wheat；　is　more　worth　than　the　product　of　an　acre　of　as　good　land；　　which　lies　waste；　is　all　the　effect　of　labour：　for　it　is　not　　barely　the　plough…man's　pains；　the　reaper's　and　thresher's　toil；　　and　the　baker's　sweat；　is　to　be　counted　into　the　bread　we　eat；　　the　labour　of　those　who　broke　the　oxen；　who　digged　and　wrought　　the　iron　and　stones；　who　felled　and　framed　the　timber　employed　　about　the　plough；　mill；　oven；　or　any　other　utensils；　which　are　a　　vast　number；　requisite　to　this　corn；　from　its　being　feed　to　be　　sown　to　its　being　made　bread；　must　all　be　charged　on　the　　account　of　labour；　and　received　as　an　effect　of　that：　nature　and　　the　earth　furnished　only　the　almost　worthless　materials；　as　in　　themselves。　　It　would　be　a　strange　catalogue　of　things；　that　　industry　provided　and　made　use　of；　about　every　loaf　of　bread；　　before　it　came　to　our　use；　if　we　could　trace　them；　iron；　wood；　　leather；　bark；　timber；　stone；　bricks；　coals；　lime；　cloth；　dying　　drugs；　pitch；　tar；　masts；　ropes；　and　all　the　materials　made　use　　of　in　the　ship；　that　brought　any　of　the　commodities　made　use　of　　by　any　of　the　workmen；　to　any　part　of　the　work；　all　which　it　　would　be　almost　impossible；　at　least　too　long；　to　reckon　up。　　　　　　Sec。　44。　　From　all　which　it　is　evident；　that　though　the　　things　of　nature　are　given　in　common；　yet　man；　by　being　master　of　　himself；　and　proprietor　of　his　own　person；　and　the　actions　or　　labour　of　it；　had　still　in　himself　the　great　foundation　of　　property；　and　that；　which　made　up　the　great　part　of　what　he　　applied　to　the　support　or　comfort　of　his　being；　when　invention　　and　arts　had　improved　the　conveniencies　of　life；　was　perfectly　　his　own；　and　did　not　belong　in　common　to　others。　　　　　　Sec。　45。　　Thus　labour；　in　the　beginning；　gave　a　right　of　　property；　wherever　any　one　was　pleased　to　employ　it　upon　what　　was　common；　which　remained　a　long　while　the　far　greater　part；　and　　is　yet　more　than　mankind　makes　use　of。　　Men；　at　first；　for　the　　most　part；　contented　themselves　with　what　unassisted　nature　　offered　to　their　necessities：　and　though　afterwards；　in　some　

parts　of　the　world；　（where　the　increase　of　people　and　stock；　with　　the　use　of　money；　had　made　land　scarce；　and　so　of　some　value）　　the　several　communities　settled　the　bounds　of　their　distinct　　territories；　and　by