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of　individual　and　national　liberty；　which　were　so　strongly　advocated　by　Burke　and　Otis；　the　course　of　events　in　their　dealing　with　the　colonists　would　in　all　probability　have　been　greatly　different　from　that　actually　developed。　　Burke　declared　that　as　long　as　reputation；　the　most　precious　possession　of　every　individual；　and　as　long　as　opinion；　the　great　support　of　the　state；　depend　entirely　upon　the　voice　of　the　people；　the　latter　can　never　be　considered　as　a　thing　of　little　consequence　either　to　individuals　or　to　governments。　　He　pointed　out　that　nations　are　governed　by　the　same　methods；　and　on　the　same　principles；　by　which　an　individual　without　authority　is　often　able　to　govern　those　who　are　his　equals　or　even　his　superiors；　namely；　by　a　knowledge　of　their　temper；　and　by　a　judicious　management　of　it；　that　is；　when　public　affairs　are　steadily　and　quietly　conducted；　not　when　government　descends　to　a　continued　scuffle　between　the　magistrate　and　the　multitude；　in　which　sometimes　the　one　and　sometimes　the　other　is　uppermost；　each　alternately　yielding　and　prevailing　in　a　series　of　contemptible　victories　and　scandalous　submissions。　　〃The　temper　of　the　people　amongst　whom　he　presides　ought；　therefore；　to　be　the　first　study　of　a　statesman。　　And　the　knowledge　of　this　temper　it　is　by　no　means　impossible　for　him　to　attain；　if　he　has　not　an　interest　in　being　ignorant　of　what　it　is　his　duty　to　learn。〃

Of　course　it　will　not　do　to　think　that　the　people　are　never　in　the　wrong。　They　have　frequently　been　so；　both　in　other　countries　and　in　England；　but　in　all　disputes　between　them　and　their　rulers；　the　presumption　is　at　least　upon　a　par　in　favor　of　the　people。　　History　justifies　us　in　going　even　further；　for　when　popular　discontents　have　been　very　prevalent　something　has　generally　been　found　amiss　in　the　constitution；　or　in　the　conduct　of　the　government。　　As　Burke　declares；　〃the　people　have　no　interest　in　disorder。　　When　they　do　wrong；　it　is　their　error；　and　not　their　crime。　　But　with　the　governing　part　of　the　state　it　is　far　otherwise。　They　certainly　may　act　ill　by　design；　as　well　as　by　mistake。　　*　*　*　If　this　presumption　in　favor　of　the　subjects　against　the　trustees　of　power　be　not　the　more　probable；　I　am　sure　it　is　the　more　comfortable　speculation；　because　it　is　more　easy　to　change　an　administration　than　to　reform　a　people。〃

Very　much　the　same　ideas　are　presented　by　Otis　in　his　article　on　the　〃Rights　of　the　Colonists；〃　and　the　passage　bearing　on　this　present　topic　will　be　given　for　comparison　with　Burke's　treatment。　　The　pamphlet　is　divided　into　four　parts；　treating　respectively　of　the　origin　of　government；　of　colonies　in　general；　of　the　natural　rights　of　colonists；　and　of　the　political　and　civil　rights　of　the　British　colonists。　　The　writer　maintains；　that　government　is　founded　not　as　some　had　supposed　on　compact；　but　as　Paley　afterwards　affirmed；　on　the　will　of　God。　　By　the　divine　will；　the　supreme　power　is　placed　〃originally　and　ultimately　in　the　people；　and　they　never　did；　in　fact；　freely；　nor　can　they　rightfully；　make　an　absolute；　unlimited　renunciation　of　this　divine　right。　　It　is　ever　in　the　nature　of　a　thing　given　in　trust；　and　on　a　condition　the　performance　of　which　no　mortal　can　dispense　with；　namely；　that　the　person　or　persons；　on　whom　the　sovereignty　is　conferred　by　the　people；　shall　incessantly　consult　their　good。　　Tyranny　of　all　kinds　is　to　be　abhorred；　whether　it　be　in　the　hands　of　one；　or　of　the　few；　or　of　the　many。

The　colonies　were　not　at　all　unwilling　to　pay　revenue　to　the　home　government；　if　the　manner　of　payment　was　just　and　right。　　They　were　so　far　from　refusing　to　grant　money　that　the　Assembly　of　Pennsylvania　resolved　to　the　following　effect：　　〃That　they　always　had；　so　they　always　should　think　it　their　duty　to　grant　aid　to　the　crown；　according　to　their　abilities；　whenever　required　of　them　in　the　usual　constitutional　manner。〃　　This　resolution　was　presented　by　Franklin；　who　was　a　member　of　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly；　to　the　Prime　Minister　of　England；　Mr。　Grenville；　before　the　latter　introduced　the　Stamp　Act　into　Parliament。　　Other　colonies　made　similar　resolutions；　and　had　Grenville　instead　of　the　Stamp　Act；　applied　to　the　King　for　proper　requisitional　letters　to　be　circulated　among　the　colonies　by　the　Secretary　of　State；　it　is　highly　probable　that　he　would　have　obtained　more　money　from　the　colonies　by　their　voluntary　grants　than　he　himself　expected　from　the　stamps。　　Such　at　any　rate　is　the　claim　of　Franklin；　who　was　surely　in　a　position　to　feel　the　pulse　of　the　colonies　better　than　any　other　one　man。　　〃But　he　（Grenville）　chose　compulsion　rather　than　persuasion；　and　would　not　receive　from　their　good…will　what　he　thought　he　could　obtain　without　it。　　Thus　the　golden　bridge　which　the　Americans　were　charged　with　unwisely　and　unbecomingly　refusing　to　hold　out　to　the　minister　and　parliament；　was　actually　held　out　to　them；　but　they　refused　to　walk　over　it。〃

The　action　of　the　English　Ministry　in　the　matter　of　the　tea　tax　in　particular；　and　of　the　whole　question　of　American　taxation　in　general；　is　thus　spoken　of　by　Burke　in　his　famous　address　in　the　House　of　Commons：

〃There　is　nothing　simple；　nothing　manly；　nothing　ingenious；　open；　decisive；　or　steady；　in　the　proceeding；　with　regard　either　to　the　continuance　or　the　repeal　of　the　taxes。　　The　whole　has　an　air　of　littleness　and　fraud。　*　*　*　There　is　no　fair　dealing　in　any　part　of　the　transaction。〃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　　〃No　man　ever　doubted　that　the　commodity　of　tea　could　bear　an　imposition　of　three…pence。　　But　no　commodity　will　bear　three…pence；　or　will　bear　a　penny；　when　the　general　feelings　of　men　are　irritated；　and　two　millions　of　people　are　resolved　not　to　pay。　　The　feelings　of　the　colonists　were　formerly　the　feelings　of　Great　Britain。　　Theirs　were　formerly　the　feelings　of　Mr。　Hampden　when　called　upon　for　the　payment　of　twenty　shillings。　　Would　twenty　shillings　have　ruined　Mr。　Hampden's　fortune？　　No；　but　the　payment　of　half　twenty　shillings；　on　the　principle　it　was　demanded；　would　have　made　him　a　slave。　　*　*　*　It　is　then　upon　the　principle　of　this　measure；　and　nothing　else；　that　we　are　at　issue。〃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　*　　〃I　select　the　obnoxious　colony　of　Massachusetts　Bay；　which　at　this　time　（but　without　hearing　her）　is　so　heavily　a　culprit　before　parliamentI　will　select　their　proceedings　even　under　circumstances　of　no　small　irritation。　　For；　a　little　imprudently；　I　must　say；　Governor　Bernard　mixed　in　the　administration　of　the　lenitive　of　the　repeal　no　small　acrimony　arising　from　matters　of　a　separate　nature。　　Yet　see；　Sir；　the　effect　of　that　lenitive；　though　mixed　with　these　bitter　ingredients；　and　how　this　rugged　people　can　express　themselves　on　a　measure　of　concession。

〃'If　it　is　not　in　our　power；'　（say　they　in　their　address　to　Governor　Bernard）；　〃in　so　full　a　manner　as　will　be　expected；　to　show　our　respectful　gratitude　to　the　mother　country；　or　to　make　a　dutiful　and　affectionate　return　to　the　indulgence　of　the　king　and　parliament；　it　shall　be　no　fault　of　ours；　for　this　we　intend；　and　hope　we　shall　be　able　fully　to　effect。'

〃Would　to　God　that　this　tender　had　been　cultivated；　managed；　and　set　in　action；　other　effects　than　those　which　we　have　since　felt　would　have　resulted　from　it。　　On　the　requisition　for　compensation　to　those　who　had　suffered　from　the　violence　of　the　populace；　in　the　same　address　they　say；　'The　recommendation　enjoined　by　Mr。　Secretary　Conway's　letter；　and　in　consequence　thereof　made　to　us；　we　will　embrace　the　first　convenient　opportunity　to　consider　and　act　upon。'　　They　did　consider；　they　did　act　upon；　it。　　They　obeyed　the　requisition。　　I　know　the　mode　has　been　chicaned　upon；　but　it　was　substantially　obeyed；　and　much　better　obeyed　than　I　fear　the　parliamentary　requisition　of　this　session　will　be；　though　enforced　by　all　your　rigour；　and　backed　with　all　your　power。　　In　a　word；　the　damages　of　popular　fury　were　compensated　by　legislative　gravity。　　Almost　every　other　part　of　America　in　various　ways　demonstrated　their　gratitude。　　I　am　bold　to　say；　that　so　sudden　a　calm　recovered　after　so　violent　a　storm　is　without　parallel　in　history。　　To　say　that　no　other　disturbance　should　happen　from　any　other　cause；　is　folly。　　But　as　far　as　appearances　went；　by　the　judicious　sacrifice　of　one　law；　you　procured　an　acquiescence　in　all　that　remained。　　After　this　experience；　nobody　shall　persuade　me；　when　a　whole　people　are　concerned；　that　acts　of　lenity　are　not　means　of　conciliation。〃


〃0PP0SITI0N　T0　ARBITRARY　POWER；〃　By　John　Wilkes；　1763。

While　Otis　and　other　patriots　were　opposing　the　arbitrary　measures　of　the　English　Ministry　in　their　dealings　with　the　Colonies；　certain　men　in　England　were　equally　as　ardent　in　their　opposition　to　such　a　course　whether　pursued　at　home　or　abroad。　　Most　prominent　among　these　were　Edmund　Burke　and　John　Wilkes；　both　members　of　Parliament。　　In　this　connection　the　following　extracts　frown　Wilkes'　article　on　〃Opposition　to　Arbitrary　Power〃　will　be　of　interest。　　This　article　appeared　in　the　famous　No。　45　of　〃The　North　Briton；〃　edited　by　Wilkes；　who　was　very　clever　but　somewhat　profligate。

*　*　*　〃In　vain　will　such　a　minister　（referring　to　Lord　Bute）；　or　the　foul　dregs　of　his　power；　the　tools　of　corruption　and　despotism；　preach　up　in　the　speech　that　spirit　of　concord；　and　that　obedience　to　the　laws；　which　is　essential　to　good　order。　　They　have　sent　the　spirit　of　discord　through　the　land；　and　I　will　prophesy；　that　it　will　never　be　extinguished；　but　by　the　extinction　of　their　power。　　Is　the　spirit　of　concord　to　go　hand　in　hand　with　the　Peace　and　Excise；　through　this　nation？　　Is　it　to　be　expected　between　an　insolent　Excisemen；　and　a　peer；　gentleman；　freeholder；　or　farmer；　whose　private　houses　are　now　made　liable　to　be　entered　and　searched　at　pleasure？　　The　spirit　of　concord　hath　not　gone　forth　among　men；　but　the　spirit　of　liberty　has；　and　a　noble　opposition　has　been　given　to　the　wicked　instruments　of　oppression。　　A　nation　as　sensible　as　the　English；　will　see　that　a　spirit　of　concord　when　they　are　oppressed；　means　a　tame　submission　to　injury；　and　that　a　spirit　of　liberty　ought　then　to　arise；　and　I　am　sure　ever　will；　in　proportion　to　the　weight　of　the　grievance　they　feel。　　Every　legal　attempt　of　a　contrary　tenden