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morality　and　religious　character；　her　industry　and　domestic



economy；　by　her　perseverance　and　steadfastness　in　business



occupations；　as　also　by　her　spirit　of　invention；　by　the　number　and



vigour　of　her　population；　by　the　extent　and　nature　of　her



territory；　and　especially　by　her　highly　advanced　agriculture；　and



her　physical；　social；　and　mental　resources。



　　　　If　any　nation　whatever　has　a　right　to　anticipate　rich　results



from　a　protective　system　adapted　to　her　circumstances；　for　the



progress　of　her　home　manufactures；　for　the　increase　of　her　foreign



trade　and　her　navigation；　for　the　perfecting　of　her　internal　means



of　transport；　for　the　prosperity　of　her　agriculture；　as　also　for



the　maintenance　of　her　independence　and　the　increase　of　her　power



abroad；　it　is　Germany。



　　　　Yes；　we　venture　to　assert；　that　on　the　development　of　the



German　protective　system　depend　the　existence；　the　independence　and



the　future　of　the　German　nationality。　Only　in　the　soil　of　general



prosperity　does　the　national　spirit　strike　its　roots；　produce　fine



blossoms　and　rich　fruits；　only　from　the　unity　of　material　interests



does　mental　power　arise；　and　only　from　both　of　these　national



power。　But　of　what　value　are　all　our　endeavours；　whether　we　are



rulers　or　subjects；　nobles　or　simple　citizens；　learned　men；



soldiers；　or　civilians；　manufacturers；　agriculturists；　or



merchants；　without　nationality　and　without　guarantees　for　the



continuance　of　our　nationality？



　　　　Meanwhile；　however；　the　German　protective　system　only



accomplishes　its　object　in　a　very　imperfect　manner；　so　long　as



Germany　does　not　spin　for　herself　the　cotton　and　linen　yarn　which



she　requires；　so　long　as　she　does　not　directly　import　from　tropical



countries　the　colonial　produce　which　she　requires；　and　pay　for　it



with　goods　of　her　own　manufacture；　so　long　as　she　does　not　carry　on



this　trade　with　her　own　ships；　so　long　as　she　has　no　means　of



protecting　her　own　flag；　so　long　as　she　possesses　no　perfect　system



of　transport　by　river；　canal；　or　railway；　so　long　as　the　German



Zollverein　does　not　include　all　German　maritime　territories　and



also　Holland　and　belgium。　We　have　treated　these　subjects



circumstantially　in　various　places　in　this　book；　and　it　is　only



necessary　for　us　here　to　recapitulate　what　we　have　already　thus



treated。



　　　　If　we　import　raw　cotton　from　Egypt；　Brazil；　and　North　America；



we　in　that　case　pay　for　it　in　our　own　manufactured　goods；　if；　on



the　other　hand；　we　import　cotton　yarn　from　England；　we　have　to　pay



the　value　of　it　in　raw　materials　and　articles　of　food　which　we



could　more　advantageously　work　up　or　consume　ourselves；　or　else　we



must　pay　for　it　in　specie　which　we　have　acquired　elsewhere；　and



with　which　we　could　more　advantageously　purchase　foreign　raw



materials　to　work　up　for　ourselves；　or　colonial　produce　for　our　own



consumption。



　　　　In　the　same　way　the　introduction　of　spinning　linen　yarn　by



machinery　offers　us　the　means　not　only　of　increasing　our　home



consumption　of　linen；　and　of　perfecting　our　agriculture；　but　also



of　enormously　increasing　our　trade　with　tropical　countries。



　　　　For　the　two　above…named　branches　of　industry；　as　well　as　for



the　manufacture　of　woollens；　we　are　as　favourably　circumstanced　as



any　other　nation；　by　an　amount　of　water　power　hitherto　not



utilised；　by　cheap　necessaries　of　life；　and　by　low　wages。　What　we



lack　is　simply　and　solely　a　guarantee　for　our　capitalists　and



artisans　by　which　they　may　be　protected　against　loss　of　capital　and



want　of　work。　A　moderate　protective　duty　of　about　twenty…five　per



cent　during　the　next　five　years；　which　could　be　maintained　for　a



few　years　at　that　rate　and　then　be　lowered　to　fifteen　to　twenty　per



cent；　ought　completely　to　accomplish　this　object。　Every　argument



which　is　adduced　by　the　supporters　of　the　theory　of　values　against



such　a　measure；　has　been　refuted　by　us。　On　the　other　hand；　we　may



add　a　further　argument　in　favour　of　that　measure；　that　these　great



branches　of　industry　especially　offer　us　the　means　for　establishing



extensive　machine　manufactories　and　for　the　development　of　a　race



of　competent　technical　instructors　and　practical　foremen。



　　　　In　the　trade　in　colonial　produce　Germany；　as　France　and　England



have　done；　has　to　follow　the　principle　　that　in　respect　to　the



purchase　of　the　colonial　produce　which　we　require；　we　should　give



a　preference　to　those　tropical　countries　which　purchase



manufactured　goods　from　us；　or；　in　short；　that　we　should　buy　from



those　who　buy　from　us。　That　is　the　case　in　reference　to　our　trade



with　the　West　Indies　and　to　North　and　South　America。



　　　　But　it　is　not　yet　the　case　in　reference　to　our　trade　with



Holland；　which　country　supplies　us　with　enormous　quantities　of　her



colonial　produce；　but　only　takes　in　return　disproportionately　small



quantities　of　our　manufactured　goods。



　　　　At　the　same　time　Holland　is　naturally　directed　to　the　market　of



Germany　for　the　disposal　of　the　greater　part　of　her　colonial



produce；　inasmuch　as　England　and　France　derive　their　supplies　of



such　produce　for　the　most　part　from　their　own　colonies　and　from



subject　countries　（where　they　exclusively　possess　the　market　for



manufactured　goods）；　and　hence　they　only　import　small　quantities　of



Dutch　colonial　produce。



　　　　Holland　has　no　important　manufacturing　industry　of　her　own；



but；　on　the　other　hand；　has　a　great　productive　industry　in　her



colonies；　which　has　recently　greatly　increased　and　may　yet　be



immeasurably　further　increased。　But　Holland　desires　of　Germany　that



which　is　unfair；　and　acts　contrary　to　her　own　interests　if　rightly



understood；　inasmuch　as　she　desires　to　dispose　of　the　greater　part



of　her　colonial　produce　to　Germany；　while　she　desires　to　supply　her



requirements　of　manufactured　goods　from　any　quarter　she　likes　best。



This　is；　for　Holland；　an　only　apparently　beneficial　and　a



short…sighted　policy；　for　if　Holland　would　give　preferential



advantages　to　German　manufactured　goods　both　in　the　mother　country



and　in　her　colonies；　the　demand　in　Germany　for　Dutch　colonial



produce　would　increase　in　the　same　proportion　in　which　the　sale　of



German　manufactured　goods　to　Holland　and　her　colonies　increased；



or；　in　other　words；　Germany　would　be　able　to　purchase　so　much　the



more　colonial　produce　in　proportion　as　she　sold　more　manufactured



goods　to　Holland；　Holland　would　be　able　to　dispose　of　so　much　more



colonial　produce　to　Germany　as　she　purchased　from　Germany



manufactured　goods。　This　reciprocal　exchange　operation　is；　at



present；　rendered　impracticable　by　Holland　if　she　sells　her



colonial　produce　to　Germany　while　she　purchases　her　requirements　in



manufactured　goods　from　England；　because　England　（no　matter　how



much　of　manufactured　goods　she　sells　to　Holland）　will　always　supply



the　greater　part　of　her　own　requirements　of　colonial　produce　from



her　own　colonies；　or　from　the　countries　which　are　subject　to　her。



　　　　Hence　the　interests　of　Germany　require　that　she　should　either



demand　from　Holland　a　differential　duty　in　favour　of　Germany's



manufacturing　production；　by　which　the　latter　can　secure　to　herself



the　exclusive　market　for　manufactured　goods　in　Holland　and　her



colonies；　or；　in　case　of　refusal；　that　Germany　should　impose　a



differential　duty　on　the　import　of　colonial　produce　in　favour　of



the　produce　of　Central　and　South　America　and　of　the　free　markets　of



the　West　Indies。



　　　　The　above…named　policy　would　constitute　the　most　effective



means　of　inducing　Holland　to　join　the　German　Zollverein。



　　　　As　matters　now　stand；　Germany　has　no　reason　for　sacrificing　her



own　manufactories　of　beetroot　sugar　to　the　trade　with　Holland；　for



only　in　case　Germany　can　pay　for　her　requirements　of　this　article



by　means　of　her　own　manufactured　goods；　is　it　more　to　her　advantage



to　supply　that　requirement　by　an　exchange　trade　with　tropical



countries；　than　by　producing　it　herself　at　home。



　　　　Hence　the　attention　of　Germany　should　be　at　once　chiefly



directed　to　the　extension　of　her　trade　with　Northern；　Central；　and



South　America；　and　with　the　free　markets　of　the　West　Indies。　In



connection　with　that；　the　following　measures；　in　addition　to　that



above　adverted　to；　appear　desirable：　the　establishment　of　a　regular



service　of　steamships　between　the　German　seaports　and　the　principal



ports　of　those　countries；　the　promotion　of　emigration　thither；　the



confirmation　and　extension　of　friendly　relations　between　them　and



the　Zollverein；　and　especially　the　promotion　of　the　civilisation　of



those　countries。



　　　　Recent　experience　has　abundantly　taught　us　how　enormously



commerce　on　a　large　scale　is　promoted　by　a　regular　service　of



steamships。　France　and　belgium　are　already　treading　in　the



footsteps　of　England　in　this　respect；　as　they　well　perceive　that



every　nation　which　is　behindhand　in　this　more　perfect　means　of



transport　must　retrograde　in　her　foreign　trade。　The　German　seaports



also　have　already　recognised　this；　already　one　public　company　has



been　completely　formed　in　Bremen　for　building　two　or　three　steam



vessels　for　the　trade　with　the　United　States。　This；　however；　is



clearly　an　insufficient　provision。　The　commercial　interests　of



Germany　require　not　only　a　regular　service　of　steam　vessels　with



North　America；　especially　with　New　York；　Boston；　Charleston；　and



New　Orleans；　but　also　with　Cuba；　San　Domingo；　and　Central　and　South



America。　Germany　ought　to　be　behind　no　other　nation　in