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sheep　was　prohibited）；　and　distributed　them　among　various　parishes；



with　a　command　that　for　seven　years　none　were　to　be　slaughtered　or



castrated。　（Essai　sur　le　Commerce　d'Angleterre；　tome　i。　p。　379。）　As



soon　as　the　object　of　these　measures　had　been　attained；　England



rewarded　the　Spanish　Government　for　the　special　privileges　granted



by　the　latter；　by　prohibiting　the　import　of　Spanish　wool。　The



efficacy　of　this　prohibition　（however　unjust　it　may　be　deemed）　can



as　little　be　denied　as　that　of　the　prohibitions　of　the　import　of



wool　by　Charles　II　（1672　and　1674）。







2。　France；　said　Pitt；　has　advantages　above　England　in　respect　of



climate　and　other　natural　gifts；　and　therefore　excels　England　in



its　raw　produce；　on　the　other　hand；　England　has　the　advantage　over



France　in　its　artificial　products。　The　wines；　brandies；　oils；　and



vinegars　of　France；　especially　the　first　two；　articles　of　such



importance　and　of　such　value；　that　the　value　of　our　natural



products　cannot　be　in　the　least　compared　with　them。　But；　on　the



other　hand；　it　is　equally　certain　that　England　is　the　exclusive



producer　of　some　kinds　of　manufactured　goods；　and　that　in　respect



of　other　kinds　she　possesses　such　advantages　that　she　can　defy



without　doubt　all　the　competition　of　France。　This　is　a　reciprocal



condition　and　a　basis　on　which　an　advantageous　commercial　treaty



between　both　nations　should　be　founded。　As　each　of　them　has　its



peculiar　staple　commodities；　and　each　possesses　that　which　is



lacking　to　the　other；　so　both　should　deal　with　one　another　like　two



great　merchants　who　are　engaged　in　different　branches　of　trade；　and



by　a　reciprocal　exchange　of　their　goods　can　at　once　become　useful



to　one　another。　Let　us　further　only　call　to　mind　on　this　point　the



wealth　of　the　county　with　which　we　stand　in　the　position　of



neighbours；　its　great　population；　its　vicinity　to　us；　and　the



consequent　quick　and　regular　exchange。　Who　could　then　hesitate　a



moment　to　give　his　approval　to　the　system　of　freedom；　and　who　would



not　earnestly　and　impatiently　wish　for　the　utmost　possible



expedition　in　establishing　it？　The　possession　of　such　an　extensive



and　certain　market　must　give　quite　an　extraordinary　impulse　to　our



trade；　and　the　customs　revenue　which　would　then　be　diverted　from



the　hands　of　the　smuggler　into　the　State　revenue　would　benefit　our



finances；　and　thus　two　main　springs　of　British　wealth　and　of



British　power　would　be　made　more　productive。







3。　Since　List　wrote　these　lines；　the　duties　which　foreign　silk



manufacturers　had　to　pay　on　the　import　of　their　goods　into　England



have　been　totally　abolished。　The　results　of　their　abolition　may　be



learned　from　Mr　Wardle's　report　on　the　English　silk　trade；　as



follows：　London；　in　1825；　contained　24；000　looms　and　60；000



operatives　engaged　in　silk　manufacture。　At　the　present　time　these



have　dwindled　to　1；200　looms　and　less　then　4；000　operatives。　In



Coventry；　in　1861；　the　ribbon　trade　is　stated　to　have　given



subsistence　to　40；600　persons；　while　at　the　present　time　probably



not　more　than　10；000　persons　are　supported　by　it；　and　the



power…looms　at　work　in　Coventry　have　decreased　from　1；800　to　600。



In　Derby　the　number　of　operatives　employed　in　silk　manufacture　has



decreased　from　6；650　（in　1850）　to　2；400　at　present。　In　the



Congleton　district　they　have　decreased　from　5；186　（in　1860）　to



1；530　（in　1884）；　while　of　the　forty　silk…throwsters'　works　which



that　district　contained　（in　1859）　only　twelve　now　remain；　with



'about　three…fourths　of　their　machinery　employed。'　In　Manchester



this　trade　has　practically　died　out；　while　at　Middleton　the



industry　is　'simply　ruined。'　These　results　（stated　by　Mr　Wardle）



may　account　for　the　decrease　in　England's　imports　of　raw　silk；　from



8；000；000　pounds　（in　1871）　to　less　than　3；000；000　pounds。



　　　　On　the　other　hand；　since　List　wrote；　the　United　States　of



America　have　increased　and　steadily　maintained　a　considerable



protective　duty　on　the　importation　of　foreign　silk　manufactures。



The　results　of　that　policy　were　publicly　stated　by　Mr　Robert　P。



Porter　（member　of　the　United　States'　Tariff　Commission）；　in　a



speech　in　1883；　to　have　been　as　follows：



　　　　Five　thousand　persons　were　employed　in　silk　manufacture　in　the



United　States　before　the　Morill　tariff　（1861）。　In　1880　their　number



had　increased　to　30；000。　The　value　of　silk　manufactures　produced　in



the　States　increased　from　1；200；000　l。　in　1860　to　more　than



8；000；000　l。　in　1880。　'Yet　the　cost　of　the　manufactured　goods　to



the　consumer；　estimated　on　a　gold　basis；　has　steadily　declined　at



a　much　greater　rate　than　the　cost　of　the　raw　material。'　After



reference　to　the　earthenware　and　plate…glass　manufactures；　Mr



Porter　adds：　'The　testimony　before　the　Tariff　Commission　showed



unquestionably　that　the　competition　in　the　United　States　had



resulted　in　a　reduction　in　the　cost　to　the　American　consumer。　In



this　way；　gentlemen；　I　contend；　and　am　prepared　to　prove



statistically。　that　protection；　so　far　as　the　United　States　are



concerned；　has　in　every　case　ultimately　benefited　the　consumer；　and



on　this　ground　I　defend　it　and　believe　in　it。'　　TRANSLATOR。







4。　Chaptal；　De　l'Industrie　Fran鏰ise　vol。　ii。；　p。　147。







Chapter　34







The　Insular　Supremacy　and　the　German　Commercial　Union







　　　　What　a　great　nation　is　at　the　present　day　without　a　vigorous



commercial　policy；　and　what　she　may　become　by　the　adoption　of　a



vigorous　commercial　policy；　Germany　has　learnt　for　herself　during



the　last　twenty　years。　Germany　was　that　which　Franklin　once　said　of



the　State　of　New　Jersey；　'a　cask　which　was　tapped　and　drained　by



its　neighbours　on　every　side。'　England；　not　contented　with　having



ruined　for　the　Germans　the　greater　part　of　their　own　manufactories



and　supplied　them　with　enormous　quantities　of　cotton　and　woollen



fabrics；　excluded　from　her　ports　German　grain　and　timber；　nay　from



time　to　time　also　even　German　wool。　There　was　a　time　when　the



export　of　manufactured　goods　from　England　to　Germany　was　ten　times



greater　than　that　to　her　highly　extolled　East　Indian　Empire。



Nevertheless　the　all…monopolising　islanders　would　not　even　grant　to



the　poor　Germans　what　they　conceded　to　the　conquered　Hindoos；　viz。



to　pay　for　the　manufactured　goods　which　they　required　by



agricultural　produce。　In　vain　did　the　Germans　humble　themselves　to



the　position　of　hewers　of　wood　and　drawers　of　water　for　the



Britons。　The　latter　treated　them　worse　than　a　subject　people。



Nations；　like　individuals；　if　they　at　first　only　permit　themselves



to　be　ill…treated　by　one；　soon　become　scorned　by　all；　and　finally



become　an　object　of　derision　to　the　very　children。　France；　not



contented　with　exporting　to　Germany　enormous　quantities　of　wine；



oil；　silk；　and　millinery；　grudged　the　Germans　their　exports　of



cattle；　grain；　and　flax；　yes；　even　a　small　maritime　province



formerly　possessed　by　Germany　and　inhabited　by　Germans；　which



having　become　wealthy　and　powerful　by　means　of　Germany；　at　all



times　was　only　able　to　maintain　itself　with　and　by　means　of



Germany；　barred　for　half　a　generation　Germany's　greatest　river　by



means　of　contemptible　verbal　quibbles。　To　fill　up　the　measure　of



this　contempt；　the　doctrine　was　taught　from　a　hundred　professorial



chairs；　that　nations　could　only　attain　to　wealth　and　power　by　means



of　universal　free　trade。　Thus　it　was；　but　how　is　it　now？　Germany



has　advanced　in　prosperity　and　industry；　in　national　self…respect



and　in　national　power；　in　the　course　of　ten　years　as　much　as　in　a



century。　And　how　has　this　result　been　achieved？　It　was　certainly



good　and　beneficial　that　the　internal　tariffs　were　abolished　which



separated　Germans　from　Germans；　but　the　nation　would　have　derived



small　comfort　from　that　if　her　home　industry　had　thenceforth



remained　freely　exposed　to　foreign　competition。　It　was　especially



the　protection　which　the　tariff　of　the　Zollverein　secured　to



manufactured　articles　of　common　use；　which　has　wrought　this



miracle。　Let　us　freely　confess　it；　for　Dr　Bowring（1*）　has



incontrovertibly　shown　it；　that　the　Zollverein　tariff　has　not；　as



was　before　asserted；　imposed　merely　duties　for　revenue　　that　it



has　not　confined　itself　to　duties　of　ten　to　fifteen　per　cent　as



Huskisson　believed　　let　us　freely　admit　that　it　has　imposed



protective　duties　of　from　twenty　to　sixty　per　cent　as　respects　the



manufactured　articles　of　common　use。



　　　　But　what　has　been　the　operation　of　these　protective　duties？　Are



the　consumers　paying　for　their　German　manufactured　goods　twenty　to



sixty　per　cent　more　than　they　formerly　paid　for　foreign　ones　（as



must　be　the　case　if　the　popular　theory　is　correct）；　or　are　these



goods　at　all　worse　than　the　foreign　ones？　Nothing　of　the　sort。　Dr



Bowring　himself　adduces　testimony　that　the　manufactured　goods



produced　under　the　high　customs　tariff　are　both　better　and　cheaper



than　the　foreign　ones。（2*）　The　internal　competition　and　the



security　from　destructive　competition　by　the　foreigner　has　wrought



this　miracle；　of　which　the　popular　school　knows　nothing　and　is



determined　to　know　nothing。　Thus；　that　is　not　true；　which　the



popular　school　maintains；　that　a　protective　duty　increases　the



price　of　the　goods　of　home　production　by　the　amount　of　the



protective　duty。　For　a　short　time　the　duty　may　increase　the　price；



but　in　every　nation　which　is　qualified　to　carry　on　manufacturing



industry　the　consequence　of　the　protection　will　be；　tha