30+mba-第71部分

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of　Management　in　the　1960s。　In　the　days　when　two…year　MBAs　were　the　
norm；　Cranfield　students　did　their　second　year　at　Harvard。　Then　it　was　
Cranfield’s　turn；　with　its　senior　faculty　spinning　out　to　help　launch　schools　
at　Oxford　and　INSEAD。
300　Appendix　
Below　are　the　key　sources　of　information　to　keep　up　to　date　in　the　MBA　
world。　
Setting　standards　
The　world　has　moved　on　from　having　‘degree　mills’；　where　the　award　is　
effectively　purchased；　to　‘accreditation　mills’；　where　the　recognition　of　
the　university　awarding　the　MBA　has　been　purchased。　That　in　turn　gives　
a　spurious；　perhaps　even　criminal；　quality　standard　to　institutions　that　
use　such　recognition　for　marketing　purposes　only。　There　are　a　number　
of　legitimate　organizations　concerned　with　se。。ing　standards　in　terms　of　
teaching；　research　and　resources　in　business　schools。　They　do　a　thorough　
job　of　work　and　charge　accordingly。　Business　schools　pay　anything　from　
￡35；000　to　￡100；000　to　gain　accreditation　and　as　much　again　in　administrative　
pain。　
Among　the　accrediting　organizations　of　repute　are：　
。　The　Council　on　Higher　Education　（che。ac。za）　in　South　Africa。　
。　The　Foundation　for　International　Business　Administration　Accreditation　
（fibaa）　in　Bonn；　Germany；　which　accredits　schools　in　Germany；　
Austria　and　Switzerland。　
。　The　Association　of　Collegiate　Business　Schools　and　Programs　（　
acbsp）；　which　typically　accredits　smaller；　private　US　schools；　
though　it　does　have　Business　and　puter　University　College　BCU　
University　in　Lebanon　on　its　books。　
。　The　International　Assembly　for　Collegiate　Business　Education　（　
iacbe）；　founded　in　1997；　has　200　accredited　institutions；　mostly　
undergraduate　and　mostly　in　the　United　States。　Pontificia　Universidad　
Católica；　Lima；　Perú；　with　five　MBA　programmes；　one　in　association　
with　Maastricht　School　of　Management；　is　something　of　an　exception。　
。　The　Council　for　Higher　Education　Accreditation　（chea）　is　a　
consortium　of　a　number　of　US　regional　accreditation　agencies；　which　
in　turn　accredit　mostly　US　schools。　Such　international　schools　as　are　on　
their　books　are　usually　very　small；　with　strong　US　connections；　such　as　
the　American　University　in　Blagoevgrad；　Bulgaria；　for　example；　which　
offers　a　part…time　executive　MBA。　
Three　associations；　however；　dominate　the　field　when　it　es　to　accrediting　
the　top…ranking　business　schools。　A　score　of　the　very　top；　mostly　non…US；　
business　schools　take　the　value　of　accreditation　so　seriously　that　they　have　
signed　up　to　all　three。　You　might　be　forgiven　for　thinking　that　to　be　more　
a　sign　of　insecurity　than　a　demonstration　of　value；　remembering　of　course　
that　it　is　the　students　who　pay　for　accreditation　in　every　respect！
Appendix　301　
The　Association　of　MBA　
AMBA　（mbaworld）；　founded　in　1967；　has　accredited　150　business　
schools　in　68　countries。　Its　initial　purpose　was　to　help　forge　links　
between　the　MBA　alumni　of　the　small　but　growing　number　of　schools　in　the　
UK；　but　subsequently　it　has　branched　out　into　the　accreditation　business。　
Unusually　for　this　type　of　activity；　membership　is　open　to　any　individual　
who　went　to；　or　is　studying　or　is　enrolled　to　study；　at　an　AMBA…accredited　
business　school。　It　wants　to　be　sure　that　schools　offering　an　MBA：　have　
a　clear　strategy　and　mission；　the　faculty　is　large　enough　for　the　task；　at　
least　75　per　cent　of　faculty　have　a　masters　or　doctoral　degree　in　a　discipline　
relevant　to　the　subject　for　which　they　are　responsible；　and　students　must　
have　a　minimum　of　3　years’　work　experience。　
The　Association　to　Advance　Collegiate　
Schools　of　Business　
AACSB　（aacsb。edu）；　founded　in　1916　by；　among　others；　Columbia　
University；　Dartmouth　College；　Harvard　University；　and　Chicago；　
Pennsylvania　and　Yale　Universities；　this　the　oldest　and　largest　of　the　
three　accrediting　bodies。　It　is；　however；　dominated　by　North　American　
institutions；　with　less　than　10　per　cent　of　its　member　institutions　ing　
from　outside　the　United　States　and　Canada。　But　that　may　all　be　set　to　change。　
AACSB；　worried　by　petition　from　ranking　provided　by　newspapers　
and　journals　and　concerned　that　these　may　be　distorting　schools’　behaviour　
and　misleading　prospective　MBA　candidates；　has　invested　in　a　business　
school　database　of　its　own。　Since　2005；　AACSB　has　published　searchable　
profiles　of　its　600　member　business　schools　on　its　website　and　is　the　only　
source　of　information　about　the　whole　business　school　and　is　the　most　
prehensive　in　terms　of　its　coverage　of　the　market。　Here　you　will　find　
details　of　schools　such　as　HHL　–　Leipzig　Graduate　School　of　Management　
（Germany）；　Toulouse　Business　School　–　Groupe　ESC　Toulouse　（France）　
and　United　Arab　Emirates　University　（UAEU）　（United　Arab　Emirates）　that　
may　not　show　up　in　the　rankings；　but　have　high　academic　standards　and　
creditable　results。　
The　European　Quality　Improvement　System　
EQUIS　（efmd　》　Accreditation　》　Equis）；　formed　in　1997；　is　the　
newest　and　smallest　of　accrediting　organizations。　It　was　set　up　by　the　
European　Foundation　of　Management　Development　（EFMD）　and　accredits　
113　institutions　in　32　countries。　Though　small　in　the　accreditation　world；　
with　over　15；000　management　development　professionals　as　members　
302　Appendix　
of　the　EFMD　network　and　650　organizations　from　academia；　business；　
public　service　and　consultancy　in　more　than　75　countries；　its　impact　has　
been　significant。　EQUIS　is　not；　however；　primarily　focused　on　the　MBA。　
Its　scope　covers　all　programmes　offered　by　an　institution；　from　the　first　
degree　up　to　the　PhD。　It　has　three　important　criteria：　a　business　school　
should　show　international　standards　of　quality；　have　significant　levels　of　
internationalization　and　integrate　the　needs　of　the　business　world　into　
its　programmes。　EQUIS　membership　is　almost　the　mirror　image　of　that　
of　AACSB。　You　won’t　find　Harvard；　Wharton；　Tuck　or　indeed　many　US　
business　schools　of　any　calibre　on　its　books。　But　then　you　won’t　find　schools　
such　as　Pontificia　Universidad　Católica　de　Chile；　Escuela　de　Administración；　
Chile；　the　University　of　Auckland　Business　School；　New　Zealand；　Ume。　
School　of　Business；　Ume。　University；　Sweden　or　the　Coppead　Graduate　
School　of　Business；　Federal　University　of　Rio　de　Janeiro；　Brazil　on　AACSB’s　
books。　
RANKING　THE　SCHOOLS　
Business　school　rankings　have　been　around　since　the　late　1980s；　when　a　
couple　of　US　general　business　publications　realized　that　‘best　of’　lists　were　
a　powerful　tool　for　generating　advertising　copy　from　business　schools　
and　upping　circulation　from　potential　students　thirsty　for　knowledge。　
Publications　producing　rankings　have　mushroomed；　as　have　the　
methodologies　and　data　collection　techniques　employed。　Few　business　
schools　believe　that　the　ratings　are　of　great　help　to　students　when　making　
their　choice。　Nonetheless；　most　continue　to　participate；　even　to　tailor　their　
activities　towards　improving　their　rank　even　at　the　expense　of　some　aspects　
of　MBA　content。　The　logic　is　simple：　rankings　generate　publicity。　If　a　school　
is　in　and　going　up；　it　provides　helpful　PR；　if　it　is　out；　or　going　down；　it　
will　have　to　explain　why　to　prospective　students　and　to　its　alumni　who　are　
naturally　anxious　not　to　see　their　investment　devalued。　The　Association　to　
Advance　Collegiate　Schools　of　Business　（see　above）　is　trying　to　encourage　
the　media　to　‘rate’　rather　than　‘rank’　programmes　and　to　revise　measures　
to　include　research　productivity　while　educating　the　public　about　the　
limitations　of　rankings。　With　newspaper　circulations　in　terminal　decline；　
this　seems　a　pious　hope。　
What’s　being　ranked　
When　you　read　the　rankings　you　will　see　exactly　what　measures　business　
schools　are　being　ranked　on　and　how　they　are　weighted　to　make　up　the　
final　result。　You　need　to　consider　if　the　measures　are　important　to　you。　For　
example；　‘international　mix　of　students’　features　in　many　rankings；　if　you　
Appendix　303　
are　an　American　student　ing　to　a　British　business　school　you　might　
not　see　it　as　much　of　a　benefit　to　find　that　less　than　15　per　cent　of　your　
fellow　students　actually　are　British；　as　are　an　even　smaller　proportion　of　
your　professors。　Increased　earnings　post　MBA　can　make　up　around　40　per　
cent　of　any　ranking。　But　that　presupposes　that　money　is　a　major　motivator　
for　business　graduates；　a　fact　for　which　there　is　li。。le　empirical　evidence。　
A　study　on　what　MBAs　feel　most　important　a　year　a。。er　peting　their　
studies；　conducted　by　the　Aspen　Institute　（aspencbe/about/　
library。html　》　Reports　》　The　2008　Student　A。。itudes　Survey）；　put　‘Earning　
a　high　ine’　as　joint　fourth　in　factors　of　importance；　alongside　‘Having　
a　positive　impact　on　society’；　and　well　behind　‘Developing　my　career’　
and　‘Enhancing　my　skills’。　Also；　earnings　growth　is　the　easiest　measure　
for　business　schools　to　manipulate　to　their　advantage。　Business　schools　
that　take　younger；　less　experienced　students　–　whose　salaries　tend　to　be　
lower　when　they　enrol　–　are　likely　to　do　well。　Those　with　experienced　
older　students；　whose　shared　learning　experience　on　the　MBA　could　be　
a　valuable　asset；　will　do　relatively　badly。　Not　surprisingly；　much　effort　at　
business　schools　goes　into　manipulating　the　factors；　which　could　otherwise　
have　been　invested　in　improving　the　programme。　
Who　does　the　ranking　
These　are　the　most　visible　MBA　rankings　that　schools　and　students　pay　
most　a。。ention　to。　While　they　all　overlap　in　some　areas；　they　give　quite　
different　weightings　to　the　same　areas；　while　omi。。ing　or　including　quite　
different　factors。　One　is　predominantly　American　while　two　are　more　
international　but　measure　different　things　in　different　ways。　You　definitely　
should　not　rely　on　the　rankings　to　put　the　best　schools　in　any　meaningful　
order；　though　they　will　almost　certainly　provide　a　sound　starting　point　to　
make　an　independent　evaluation。　
Business　Week　
This　McGraw…Hill　magazine　（businessweek/bschools）　runs　a　
regular　section　on　business　schools；　with　all　the　latest　news　and　gossip。　
Its　rankings　cover　part…time　and　full…time　MBAs　as　well　as　executive　education。　
It　surveys　some　10；000　students；　500　recruiters　and；　using　a　third　
survey；　conducted　online；　asks　schools　for