新概念英语第4册-第11部分
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惺唬ɡ瞬辉俨枇Α�
从那以后，各种各样的气垫船出现了，并开始了定期航行服务。气垫船在非洲、澳大利亚等交通不发达地区特别有用。它能成为“飞行水果盘子”，把香蕉从种植园动到港口。大型的气垫班轮或许能跨越大西洋。未来的火车或许能成为“气垫火车”，靠气垫在单轨上行驶而不接触轨道，时速可达每小时300英里。气垫船的前途是不可限量的。
Lesson 30
Exploring the sea…floor
海底勘探
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did people probably imagine the sea…floor before it was investigated？
Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two…dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land。 The open sea was deep and mysterious； and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat。 Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2；400 fathoms in 1839； but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom。 Shortly after this the famous H。 M。 S。 Challenger expedition established the study of the sea…floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified physicists and geologists。 A burst of activity associated with the laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the challenger's observation that many parts of the ocean were two to there miles deep； and the existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude。
Today； enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of the Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety of the sea bed's topography。 Since the sea covers the greater part of the earth's surface； it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth； with； superimposed upon； it the continents； together with the islands and other features of the oceans。 The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean。 From the shore line； out a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles； runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf； geologically part of the continents。 The real dividing line between continents and oceans occurs at the foot a steeper slope。
This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the 100…fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean floor at 2；500…3；500 fathoms。 The slope averages about 1 in 30。 but contains steep； probably vertical； cliffs； and gentle sediment…covered terraces； and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing…off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses。
T。F。GASKELL Exploring the Sea…floor from Science Survey
New words and expressions 生词和短语
navigation
n。 航海
sounding
n。 水深度
fathom
n。 寻（1寻等于1。8米）
porcupine
n。 箭猪
dredge
v。 挖掘
expedition
n。 远征
physicist
n。 物理学家
magnitude
n。 很多
topography
n。 地形
crust
n。 地壳
rugged
adj。崎岖不平
tableland
n。 高地
sediment
n。 沉淀物
terrace
n。 阶地
erode
v。 侵蚀
参考译文
100年前，我们只知道海洋是二维平面形的，以及靠近陆地浅水区的深浅不一能给航行带来危险。无边无际的海洋深邃而又神秘，凡是稍稍想过大海海底的人大概都会认为海底是平坦的。1839年，詹姆斯。克拉克。罗斯爵士曾测得海水深度超过2，400英寻；但直到1869年，皇家学会用英国“豪猪”号舰艇进行了几次巡航后，才在大西洋测得一个海水深度，同时能过挖掘海底，取得了研究海底的首批样品。此后不久，英国著名的“挑战者”号舰艇对海底的那次考察，把对海床的研究确立为一个值得一流物理学家和地质学家从事的研究课题，铺设海底电缆的热潮很快证实了“挑战者”号的观察结果：海洋中很多地方可深达两三英里，水下特征差异极大。
现在已有足够的水深测量数据来绘制一张大西洋洋底地形图，而且我对海底地形的千变万化也有了一定的了解。既然海洋覆盖着地球的大部分表面，因此完全有理由把海床看作地壳的基本模壳，上面附加着大陆以及岛屿和海洋的其他形态。大陆是崎岖不平的高地，高出辽阔的海洋海底近三英里。从海岸线向大海延伸几英里到几百英里的区域是大陆架慢坡，从地质学上来说，它是大陆的一部分。大陆和海洋的真正分界线是在陡破脚下。
大陆架慢坡一般是从差不多100英寻水深的地方开始的，一直延伸到几百英里远深达2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底。坡度平均约为1/30，但其中包括陡峭的、乃至垂直的峭壁和沉积物覆盖的缓和的阶梯地带，在这个地带的低处是很长的一段尾沙地段，基本上可以断定这个地段是大陆块体上侵蚀下来的物质被水冲到深水处形成的。
Lesson 31
The sculptor speaks
雕塑家的语言
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do you have to be able to do to appreciate sculpture？
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension。 That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts； certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms； shape in only two dimensions。 Many more people are 'form…blind' than colour…blind。 The child learning to see； first distinguishes only two…dimensional shape； it cannot judge distances； depths。 Later； for its personal safety and practical needs； it has to develop （partly by means of touch） the ability to judge roughly three…dimensonal distances。 But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity； most people go no further。 Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat from； they do no make the further。 Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form； they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to prehend form in its full spatial existence。
This is what the sculptor must do。 He must strive continually to think of； and use； form in its full spatial pleteness。 He gets the solid shape； as it were； inside his head…he thinks of it； whatever its size； as if he were holding it pletely enclosed in the hollow of his hand。 He mentally visualizes a plex form from all round itself； he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like； he identifies himself with its centre of gravity； its mass； its weight； he realizes its volume； as the space that the shape displaces in the air。
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape； not as description or reminiscence。 He must； for example； perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape； quite apart from its significance as food； or from the literary idea that it will bee a bird。 And so with solids such as a shell； a nut； a plum； a pear； a tadpole； a mushroom； a mountain peak； a kidney； a carrot； a tree…trunk； a bird； a bud； a lark； a ladybird； a bulrush； a bone。 From these he can go on to appreciate more plex forms of binations of several forms。
HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
colour…blind
adj。 色盲的
perception
n。 知觉
prehend
v。 理解
spatial
adj。 空间
visualize
v。 使具形象，设想
reminiscence
n。 回忆，联想
tadpole
n。 蝌蚪
mushroom
n。 蘑菇
carrot
n。 胡萝卜
bud
n。 花蕾
lark
n。 云雀
ladybird
n。 瓢虫
bulrush
n。 芦苇
参考译文
对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体的反应能力。雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理。欣赏雕塑品当然比欣赏平面的艺术品要难。“形盲”的人数比“色盲”的人数要多得多。正在学看东西的儿童起初只会分辨二维形态，不会判断距离和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和实际需要，儿童必须发展（部分通过触觉）粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。但是。大部分人在满足了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能力了。虽然他们对平面形的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智力和感情上进一步努力去理解存在于空间的整个形态。
而雕塑家就必须做到这一点。他必须勤于想像并且利用形体在空间中的完整性。可以说，当他想像一个物体时，不管其大小如何，他脑子里得到的是一个立体的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一样。他的大脑能从物体周围的各个角度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的一边时，便知道另一边是个什么样子。他把自身和物体重心、质量、重量融为一体。他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状有空气中所占的空间。
因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鸟蛋为例。观赏者必须感觉到它是一个单一的实体形态，而完全不靠它的食用意义或它会变成鸟这样的文字概念来感觉。对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇以及骨头也应这样来感觉。从这些形体出发，观赏者可进一步观察更为复杂的形体或若干形体的组合。
Lesson 32
Galileo reborn
伽利略的复生
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo in recent times？
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy； but the scientific dust has long since settled； and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective。 But； in contrast； it is only in modern times that Galileo has bee a problem child for historians of science。
The old view of Galileo was delightfully unplicated。 He was； above all； a man who experimented： who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians； who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients； and who drew his conclusions fearlessly。 He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky； and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together。 He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top； who rolled balls down inclined planes； and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall。
But a closer study of the evidence； supported by a deeper sense of the period； and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution； has profoundly modified this view of Galileo。 Today； although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings； among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged。 At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown
