иÅÄîÓ¢ÓïµÚ4²á-µÚ13²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
the¡¡child¡¡knows¡¡them¡¡to¡¡be¡¡true¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Victorian¡¡parents¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡they¡¡kept¡¡their¡¡dignity¡¡by¡¡retreating¡¡behind¡¡an¡¡unreasoning¡¡authoritarian¡¡attitude£»¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡they¡¡did¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kind£»¡¡but¡¡children¡¡were¡¡then¡¡too¡¡cowed¡¡to¡¡let¡¡them¡¡know¡¡how¡¡they¡¡really¡¡felt¡£¡¡Today¡¡we¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡extreme£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡healthier¡¡attitude¡¡both¡¡for¡¡the¡¡child¡¡and¡¡the¡¡parent¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡always¡¡wiser¡¡and¡¡safer¡¡to¡¡face¡¡up¡¡to¡¡reality£»¡¡however¡¡painful¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moment¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DOTID¡¡OFLUM¡¡Journey¡¡Through¡¡Adolescence
New¡¡words¡¡and¡¡expressions¡¡Éú´ÊºÍ¶ÌÓï
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡adolescence
n¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡slur
n¡£¡¡¡¡Çà´ºÆÚ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡adolescent
n¡£¡¡¡¡µ×»Ù
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disloyalty
n¡£¡¡¡¡ÇàÉÙÄ꣨12¡18Ë꣩
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡spiteful
adj¡£¡¡¶ñÒâµÄ£¬»³ºÞµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disillusionment
n¡£¡¡¡¡»ÃÃð¸Ð
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡evaluation
n¡£¡¡¡¡ÆÀ¼Û
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡infallibility
n¡£¡¡¡¡Ò»¹áÕýÈ·
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡resent
v¡£¡¡¡¡Ô¹ºÞ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sincerity
n¡£¡¡¡¡³ÏÖ¿
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡victorian
adj¡£¡¡Î¬¶àÀûÑÇʽµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡retreat
v¡£¡¡¡¡ºóÍË
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unreasoning
adj¡£¡¡²»Æ¾ÀíÖǵÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡authoritarian
adj¡£¡¡×¨ÖƵÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cow
v¡£¡¡¡¡ÏÅ»£¡¡¡¡
²Î¿¼ÒëÎÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡µ±¼Ò³¤Ìýµ½º¢×ÓÔÞÑï×Ô¼ºÅóÓѵļÒʱ£¬×ܸе½²»°²£¬ÈÏΪº¢×ÓÔÚÏÓÆú×Լҵķ¹²Ë¡¢ÎÀÉú¡¢»ò¼Ò¾ß£¬¶øÇÒÓÞ´ÀµØÈú¢×Ó¿´³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ·³ÄÕ¡£ËûÃÇÉõÖÁÔ𱸺¢×Ó²»ÖÒ£¬»òÕß½²Ð©Ð¡ÅóÓѼҳ¤µÄ»µ»°¡£¼Ò³¤ÕâÖÖÓÐʧÉí·ÝºÍº¢×ÓÆøµÄ×÷·¨Ê¹Çà´ºÆڵĺ¢×Ó´óΪÕ𾪣¬¾öÐÄÒÔºó²»ÔÙÏò¸¸Ä¸½²ÊöÈ¥¹ýµÄµØ·½ºÍ¼û¹ýµÄÈË¡£²»ÒªºÜ¾Ã£»¼Ò³¤¾Í»á±§Ô¹º¢×ÓÊØ¿ÚÈçÆ¿£¬Ê²Ã´ÊÂÒ²²»¸æËßËûÃÇ£¬Êâ²»ÖªÕâÊÇËûÃÇ×ÔÕҵġ£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡²»¹Ü¼Ò³¤µÄÈËÆ·ÓжàôºÃ£¬×÷Ϊ¸¸Ä¸ÓжàôºÏ¸ñ£¬º¢×ÓÃǶԼҳ¤»ÃÏëµÄÆÆÃðÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉÏÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ¡£³ý·Ç¸¸Ä¸×ÔÉí²»ÄÜÁîÈËÂúÒ⣬´ó¶àÊýº¢×Ó¶Ô¸¸Ä¸¹À¼Û¹ý¸ß£¬ÒÔÖÂÕâÖÖ¹À¼ÛºÜÄÑÖ¸Íû¾ÊÜסÏÖʵµÄ¿¼Ñé¡£Èç¹û¼Ò³¤Òâʶµ½º¢×ÓÃÇͨ³£ÊǶàôÏàÐżҳ¤µÄÆ·Ðк;ø¶ÔÕýÈ·£¬Òâʶµ½º¢×ÓÃǵÄÕâÖÖÐÅÄî»á¶Ôº¢×Ó²úÉú¶àô´óµÄÓ°Ï죬ÄÇô¼Ò³¤»á´óΪ³Ô¾ªºÍÉîÊܸж¯µÄ¡£Èç¹û¼Ò³¤¶ÔÇàÉÙÄêµÄÕâÖÖ·´Ó¦ÓÐ˼Ïë×¼±¸£¬²¢ÇÒÒâʶµ½ÕâÏóÕ÷ן¢×ÓÃÇÕýÔÚ³ÉÊìºÍÕýÔÚ·¢Õ¹±¦¹óµÄ¹Û²ìÁ¦¡¢¶ÀÁ¢ÅжÏÁ¦£¬ÄÇôËûÃǾͲ»»áÄÇÑùÉËÐÄ£¬Ò²¾Í²»»áÓÉÓÚÔ¹ºÞºÍµÖ´¥ÕâÖÖ·´Ó¦£¬¶ø°Ñº¢×ÓÍƵ½×Ô¼ºµÄ¶ÔÁ¢ÃæÈ¥¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÇàÉÙÄê¿á°®Õæ³Ï£¬¶ÔÓÚÄܹ»³ÐÈÏ´íÎó»òÎÞÖª¡¢ÉõÖÁ³ÐÈÏ×Ô¼º×öµÃ²»·Öƽ»ò²»¹«ÕýµÄ¸¸Ä¸£¬ËûÃÇ×ÜÊÇ×𾴵ģ¬º¢×ÓÃÇËù²»ÄÜÔÁµÄÊÇ£º¸¸Ä¸´íÁË£¬º¢×ÓÃÇÒ²¿´³öÀ´ÁË£¬¿ÉÊÇ×ö¸¸Ä¸µÄ»¹²»¿Ï³ÐÈÏ¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Î¬¶àÀûÑÇʱ´úµÄ¸¸Ä¸ÈÏΪ£¬ËûÃÇ¿É¿¿ÎÞÀíµÄȨÍþÆøÅÉÀ´Î¬»¤×Ô¼ºµÄ×ðÑÏ£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÄÇÊǸù±¾²»Ðеġ£º¢×ÓÃÇÖ»²»¹ý±»Ïŵò»¸ÒÈø¸Ä¸ÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºµÄÏë·¨°ÕÁË¡£ËäÈ»ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃÇÇãÏòÓÚ×ßÏòÁíÒ»¸ö¼«¶Ë£¬µ«×ܵØÀ´¿´£¬º¢×Ӻͼҳ¤Ë«·½Ì¬¶È¶¼±È½Ï¶ËÕý¡£ÓöʲÉÈ¡Ãæ¶ÔÏÖʵµÄ̬¶È×ÜÊDZȽÏÃ÷ÖǺÍÎÈÍ׵ģ¬¾¡¹Ü»áÓÐÔÝʱµÄÍ´¿à¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lesson¡¡35
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Space¡¡odyssey
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ì«¿Õ̽Ë÷¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
First¡¡listen¡¡and¡¡then¡¡answer¡¡the¡¡following¡¡question¡£
Ìý¼Òô£¬È»ºó»Ø´ðÒÔÏÂÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡
When¡¡will¡¡it¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡us¡¡to¡¡think¡¡seriously¡¡about¡¡colonising¡¡Mars£¿
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Moon¡¡is¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡hub¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Solar¡¡System£»¡¡supplying¡¡the¡¡rocket¡¡fuels¡¡fro¡¡its¡¡ships£»¡¡easily¡¡obtainable¡¡from¡¡the¡¡lunar¡¡rocks¡¡in¡¡the¡¡from¡¡of¡¡liquid¡¡oxygen¡£¡¡The¡¡reason¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡its¡¡gravity¡£¡¡Because¡¡the¡¡Moon¡¡has¡¡only¡¡an¡¡eightieth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Earth's¡¡mass£»¡¡it¡¡requires¡¡97¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡less¡¡energy¡¡to¡¡travel¡¡the¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Moon¡¡to¡¡Earth¡orbit¡¡than¡¡the¡¡200¡¡mile¡journey¡¡from¡¡Earth's¡¡surface¡¡into¡¡orbit£¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡may¡¡sound¡¡fantastic£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easily¡¡calculated¡£¡¡To¡¡escape¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Earth¡¡in¡¡a¡¡rocket£»¡¡one¡¡must¡¡travel¡¡at¡¡seven¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡second¡£¡¡The¡¡parable¡¡speed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Moon¡¡is¡¡only¡¡1¡£5¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡second¡£¡¡Because¡¡the¡¡gravity¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Moon's¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡sixth¡¡of¡¡Earth's¡¡£¨remember¡¡how¡¡easily¡¡the¡¡Apollo¡¡astronauts¡¡bounded¡¡along£©£»¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡much¡¡less¡¡energy¡¡to¡¡accelerate¡¡to¡¡that¡¡1¡£5¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡second¡¡than¡¡it¡¡does¡¡on¡¡Earth¡£¡¡Moon¡dwellers¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡in¡¡space¡¡at¡¡only¡¡three¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡similar¡¡journeys¡¡by¡¡their¡¡terrestrial¡¡dwellers¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡in¡¡space¡¡at¡¡only¡¡three¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡similar¡¡journeys¡¡by¡¡their¡¡terrestrial¡¡cousins¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Arthur¡¡C¡£¡¡Clark¡¡once¡¡suggested¡¡a¡¡revolutionary¡¡idea¡¡passes¡¡through¡¡three¡¡phases£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡'It's¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡don't¡¡waste¡¡my¡¡time¡£'
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡'It's¡¡possible£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡worth¡¡doing¡£'
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡'I¡¡said¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡good¡¡idea¡¡all¡¡along¡£'
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡colonising¡¡Mars¡¡¡¡a¡¡world¡¡160¡¡times¡¡more¡¡distant¡¡time¡¡the¡¡Moon¡¡¡¡will¡¡move¡¡decisively¡¡from¡¡the¡¡second¡¡phase¡¡to¡¡the¡¡third£»¡¡when¡¡a¡¡significant¡¡number¡¡of¡¡people¡¡are¡¡living¡¡permanently¡¡in¡¡space¡£¡¡Mars¡¡has¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡fascination¡¡for¡¡would¡be¡¡voyagers¡£¡¡America£»¡¡Russia¡¡and¡¡Europe¡¡are¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡enthusiasts¡¡¡¡many¡¡of¡¡them¡¡serious¡¡and¡¡senior¡¡scientists¡¡¡¡who¡¡dream¡¡of¡¡sending¡¡people¡¡to¡¡it¡£¡¡Their¡¡aim¡¡is¡¡understandable¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡one¡¡world¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Solar¡¡System¡¡that¡¡is¡¡most¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Earth¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡world¡¡of¡¡red¡¡sandy¡¡deserts¡¡£¨hence¡¡its¡¡name¡¡¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡Planet£©£»¡¡cloudless¡¡skies£»¡¡savage¡¡sandstorms£»¡¡chasms¡¡wider¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Grand¡¡Canyon¡¡and¡¡at¡¡least¡¡one¡¡mountain¡¡more¡¡than¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡tall¡¡as¡¡Everest¡£¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡ideal¡¡for¡¡settlement¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡7¡¡DAYS£»¡¡February¡¡19£»¡¡1989
New¡¡words¡¡and¡¡expressions¡¡Éú´ÊºÍ¶ÌÓï
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hub
n¡£¡¡¡¡£¨»î¶¯µÄ£©ÖÐÐÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lunar
adj¡£¡¡ÔÂÇòµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡oxygen
n¡£¡¡¡¡ÑõÆø
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Apollo
n¡£¡¡¡¡°¢²¨ÂÞ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accelerate
v¡£¡¡¡¡¼ÓËÙ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡terrestrial
adj¡£¡¡µØÇòµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡permanently
adv¡£¡¡ÓÀÔ¶µØ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fascination
n¡£¡¡¡¡÷ÈÁ¦
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡senior
adj¡£¡¡×ÊÀúÉîµÄ£¬Ä곤µÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chasm
n¡£¡¡¡¡¶Ï²ã£¬ÁÑ¿Ú
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡canyon
n¡£¡¡¡¡Ï¿¹È¡¡
¡¡¡¡
²Î¿¼ÒëÎÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÔÂÇòºÜ¿ÉÄܳÉΪ̫ÑôϵµÄ¹¤ÒµÖÐÐÄ¡£´ÓÔÂÇòÉϵÄÑÒʯÖкÜÈÝÒ×ÌáÁ¶³öҺ̬Ñõ£¬×÷Ϊº½Ìì·É´¬µÄȼÁÏ¡£ÆäÔÒòÔÚÓÚÔÂÇòµÄÖØÁ¦¡£ÒòΪÔÂÇòµÄÖØÖ»ÓеØÇòµÄ1/8£¬Òò´Ë£¬´ÓÔÂÇòµ½µØÇòµÄ25ÍòÓ¢ÀïËùÏûºÄµÄÄÜÁ¿Òª±È´ÓµØÇò±íÃæ½øÈëµØÇò¹ìµÀµÄ200Ó¢ÀïËùºÄÄÜÁ¿ÉÙ97£¥¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÕâµãÌýÆðÀ´ÁîÈËÄÑÒÔÖÃÐÅ£¬µ«È´ºÜÈÝÒ×¼ÆËã³öÀ´¡£Òª³Ë×øһö»ð¼ý·ÉÀëµØÇò£¬»ð¼ýµÄËÙ¶ÈÒª´ïµ½Ã¿Ãë7Ó¢À¶ø´ÓÔÂÇò³ö·¢µÄÏàÓ¦ËÙ¶ÈÊ·ÊÇÿÃë1¡£5Ó¢Àï¡£ÓÉÓÚÔÂÇò±íÃæµÄÖØÁ¦½öÊǵØÇò±íÃæµÄ1/6¡¡¡¡»¹¼ÇµÃ°¢²¨ÂÞ·É´¬ÖеÄÓԱÀÛËɵØÌøÔ¾¡¡¡¡ÔÚÔÂÇòÉϼÓËÙµ½Ã¿Ãë1¡£5Ó¢Àï±ÈÔÚµØÇòÉÏËùÓÃÄÜÔ´ÒªÉٵöࡣÔÂÇò¾ÓÃñÔÚÌ«¿ÕåÛÓεķÑÓýöÊǵØÇòÉÏÅóÓÑ·ÉԽͬÑù·ËùÐè·ÑÓõÄ3£¥¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÑÇɪ¡£C¡£¿ËÀ¿ËÔøÌáÒ飬һÖÖ´´ÐµÄÏë·¨Òª¾¹ýÒÔÏÂ3¸ö½×¶Î£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡¡°¸ù±¾²»¿ÉÄÜ£¬²»ÒªÀË·ÑÎÒµÄʱ¼ä¡£¡±
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡¡°¿ÉÄÜ£¬µ«²»ÖµµÃ×ö¡£¡±¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡¡°ÎÒһֱ˵ÕâÊǸöºÃÏë·¨¡£¡±
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Èç¹ûÓÐÏ൱ÊýÁ¿µÄÈËÓÀ¾ÃÐÔµØסÔÚÌ«¿Õ£¬Õ÷·þ»ðÐǵļƻ®¡¡¡¡Ò»¸ö±ÈÔÂÇòÔ¶160±¶µÄÐÇÇò¡¡¡¡¾Í¿ÉÒÔÃ÷È·µØ´ÓµÚ2½×¶Î½øÈëµÚ3½×¶Î¡£»ðÐǶÔδÀ´µÄÐǼÊÂÿÍ˵ÓÐ×ÅÌØÊâµÄ÷ÈÁ¦¡£ÃÀ¹ú¡¢¶íÂÞ˹ºÍÅ·ÖÞ¶¼ÓÐÐí¶àÈÈÐÄ´ËÏîÊÂÒµµÄÈË¡¡¡¡ÆäÖеIJ»ÉÙÊÇÈÏÕæºÍ×ÊÉîµÄ¿Æѧ¼Ò£¬ËûÃÇÒ»Ö±ÃÎÏë×Å°ÑÈËËÍÉÏ»ðÐÇ¡£ËûÃǵÄÄ¿±êÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÀí½âµÄ¡£»ðÐÇÊÇÌ«ÑôϵÀïÓëµØÇò×î½Ó½üµÄÒ»¿ÅÐÐÐÇ¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öºìɫɳĮµÄÊÀ½ç£¨Òò¶øµÃÃû£ººìÉ«ÐÐÐÇ£©£¬ÎÞÔƵÄÌì¿Õ£¬Ð×Ã͵Äɳ±©£¬±È´óÏ¿¹È»¹¿íµÄÁѷ죬ÆðÂëÓÐÒ»×ùɽÓÐÖéÄÂÀÊÂê·åµÄ½üÁ½±¶¸ß¡£¿´ÆðÀ´£¬ËüºÜºÏÊʾÓס¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lesson¡¡36
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡government
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Õþ¸®µÄ¿ªÖ§¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡
First¡¡listen¡¡and¡¡then¡¡answer¡¡the¡¡following¡¡question¡£
Ìý¼Òô£¬È»ºó»Ø´ðÒÔÏÂÎÊÌâ¡£
What¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡factor£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡government¡¡or¡¡business£»¡¡for¡¡keeping¡¡running¡¡costs¡¡low£¿
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡is¡¡essentially¡¡disunited£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡left¡¡to¡¡the¡¡government¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡it¡¡together¡£¡¡This¡¡increases¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡reduces¡¡correspondingly¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡economic¡¡resources¡¡that¡¡could¡¡be¡¡used¡¡for¡¡developing¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡forgotten¡¡how¡¡small¡¡those¡¡resources¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡backward¡¡country¡£¡¡Where¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡government¡¡is¡¡high£»¡¡resources¡¡for¡¡development¡¡are¡¡correspondingly¡¡low¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡may¡¡be¡¡illustrated¡¡by¡¡paring¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡private¡¡business¡¡enterprise¡£¡¡An¡¡enterprise¡¡has¡¡to¡¡incur¡¡certain¡¡costs¡¡and¡¡expenses¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡stay¡¡in¡¡business¡£¡¡For¡¡our¡¡purposes£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡concerned¡¡only¡¡with¡¡one¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡cost¡¡¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡managing¡¡and¡¡administering¡¡the¡¡business¡£¡¡Such¡¡administrative¡¡overheads¡¡in¡¡a¡¡business¡¡are¡¡analogous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡government¡¡in¡¡a¡¡nation¡£¡¡The¡¡administrative¡¡overheads¡¡of¡¡a¡¡business¡¡are¡¡low¡¡to¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡that¡¡everyone¡¡working¡¡in¡¡the¡¡business¡¡can¡¡be¡¡trusted¡¡to¡¡behave¡¡in¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that¡¡best¡¡promotes¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡firm¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡can¡¡each¡¡be¡¡trusted¡¡to¡¡take¡¡such¡¡responsibilities¡£¡¡and¡¡to¡¡exercise¡¡such¡¡initiative¡¡as¡¡falls¡¡within¡¡their¡¡sphere£»¡¡then¡¡administrative¡¡overheads¡¡will¡¡be¡¡low¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡low¡¡because¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡have¡¡only¡¡one¡¡man¡¡looking¡¡after¡¡each¡¡job£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡business¡¡will¡¡require¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡administrators£»¡¡checkers£»¡¡and¡¡foremen¡¡and¡¡administrative¡¡overheads¡¡will¡¡rise¡¡correspondingly¡£¡¡As¡¡administrative¡¡overheads¡¡rise£»¡¡so¡¡the¡¡earnings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡business¡¡after¡¡meeting¡¡he¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡administration£»¡¡will¡¡fall£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡business¡¡will¡¡have¡¡less¡¡money¡¡to¡¡distribute¡¡as¡¡dividends¡¡or¡¡invest¡¡directly¡¡in¡¡its¡¡future¡¡progress¡¡and¡¡development¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡same¡¡with¡¡a¡¡nation¡£¡¡To¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡can¡¡be¡¡relied¡¡upon¡¡to¡¡behave¡¡in¡¡a¡¡loyal¡¡and¡¡responsible¡¡manner£»¡¡the¡¡government¡¡does¡¡not¡¡require¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡police¡¡and¡¡civil¡¡servants¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡them¡¡in¡¡order¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡is¡¡disunited£»¡¡the¡¡government¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡sure¡¡that¡¡the¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡will¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡watch£»¡¡check£»¡¡and¡¡control¡¡the¡¡people¡¡accordingly¡£¡¡A¡¡disunited¡¡nation¡¡therefore¡¡has¡¡to¡¡incur¡¡unduly¡¡high¡¡costs¡¡of¡¡government¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RAYMOND¡¡FROST¡¡The¡¡Backward¡¡Society
New¡¡words¡¡and¡¡expressions¡¡Éú´ÊºÍ¶ÌÓï
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disunited
adj¡£¡¡·ÖÁѵÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡correspondingly
adv¡£¡¡ÏàÓ¦µØ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡backward
adj¡£¡¡ÂäºóµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡incur
v¡£¡¡¡¡³Ðµ£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡administer
v¡£¡¡¡¡¹ÜÀí
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡adminstrative
adj¡£¡¡ÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀíµÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡analogous
adj¡£¡¡ÀàËƵÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡overheads
n¡£¡¡¡¡Ò»°ã·ÑÓÃ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡initiative
n¡£¡¡¡¡Ö÷¶¯£¬»ý¼«ÐÔ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡checker
n¡£¡¡¡¡¼ì²éÈËÔ±
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡foreman
n¡£¡¡¡¡¼à¹¤
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dividend
n¡£¡¡¡¡ºìÀû
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unduly
adv¡£¡¡¹ý¶ÈµØ¡¡¡¡¡¡
²Î¿¼ÒëÎÄ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Èç¹ûÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Òʵ¼ÊÉÏ´¦ÓÚ·ÖÁÑ״̬£¬Ê¹Ö®ÁªºÏÆðÀ´¾ÍÊÇÕþ¸®µÄÊÂÁË¡£ÕâÑùµÄÒ»À´¾ÍÔö¼ÓÁËÕþ¸®µÄ¿ªÖ§£¬´Ó¶øÏàÓ¦µØ¼õÉÙÁË¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´ÁËÕ¹¹ú¼ÒµÄÄDz¿·Ö¾¼Ã×ÊÔ´¡£²»Ó¦Íü¼Ç£¬ÔÚÒ»¸öƶÇîÂäºóµÄ¹ú¼ÒÀÄDz¿·Ö²ÆÁ¦ÊǺÜÓÐÏ޵ġ£·²ÊÇÕþ¸®¹ÜÀí·ÑÓøߵĵط½£¬ÓÃÓÚ·¢Õ¹¹ú¼Ò¾¼ÃµÄ×ʽð¾Í»áÏàÓ¦µØ¼õÉÙ¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡°Ñ¹ú¼ÒµÄ×´¿öͬ˽ÈËÆóÒµµÄ×´¿ö¼ÓÒԱȽϣ¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´ÇåÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£Ò»¸öÆóҵΪÁ˼ÌÐø¾Óª£¬²»µÃ²»Ö§³öÒ»¶¨µÄ·ÑÓúͿªÏú¡£¾ÍÎÒÃǵÄÄ¿µÄ¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÒÃÇÖ»¹ØÐÄÒ»ÖÖ·ÑÓá¡¡¡ÆóÒµÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀí·Ñ¡£Ò»¼ÒÆóÒµµÄÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀí¿ªÖ§ÀàËÆÓÚÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÕþ¸®¹ÜÀíËùÓõĿªÖ§¡£Èç¹ûÆóÒµÖеÄÿ¸öÈ˶¼ÔÚÕæ³ÏµØΪÌá¸ßÆóÒµÀûÈó¶ø¹¤×÷£¬ÄÇôÆóÒµµÄ¹ÜÀí·ÑÓþͻήµÍµ½ÏàÓ¦µÄ³Ì¶È¡£Èç¹ûÆóÒµµÄÿ¸öÈ˶¼Ðŵùý£¬ÈËÈ˶¼ÈÏÕ渺Ôð£¬ÔÚ¸÷×ԵŤ×÷·¶Î§ÄÚ·¢»ÓÖ÷¶¯ÐÔ£¬ÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀí·ÑÓþͻήµÍ¡£ÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀí·ÑÓõĽµµÍµÄÔÒòÊÇ£ºÃ¿Ï×÷Ö»ÐèÒªÒ»¸öÈËÈ¥Íê³É£¬Óò»×ÅÁíÍâÔÙÓÐÒ»¸öÈ˼ì²é¹¤×÷¡£¶½´ÙËû×ñÊØÕ³̣¬»òÏòÓйØÈËÊ¿»ã±¨ËûµÄ¹¤×÷¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÆóÒµÖÐËÒ²²»¿ÉÐÅÀµ»á¶Ô¹¤×÷¾¡ÖÒÊØÖ°£¬Äǹ«ÆóÒµ¾Í»áÐè´óÅúµÄ¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±¡¢¼ì²éÈËÔ±ºÍ´ø°àÈËÔ±£¬¹ÜÀí·ÑÓþͻáÏàÓ¦ÔÚÔö¼Ó¡£¹ÜÀí·ÑÓÃÔö¼ÓÁË£¬ÄÇôÔÚ¿Û³ý¹ÜÀí·ÑÓúó£¬ÆóÒµµÄÊÕÈë¾Í½µµÍÁË¡£Òò´ËÓÃÓÚ·ÖºìµÄ½ð¶î¾ÍÓÃÓÚ½«À´¿ªÍغͷ¢Õ¹µÄͶ×ʾÍÏàÓ¦µØ¼õÉÙÁË¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÇé¿öÒ²ÍêÈ«Ïàͬ¡£Èç¹ûÈËÃñÖÒÓÚÖ°ÊØ£¬¾ÙÖ¹¹æ¾Ø£¬ÄÜÊܵ½Õþ¸®µÄÐÅÀµ£¬ÄÇôÕþ¸®¾Í²»ÐèÒª´óÅúµÄ¾¯²ìºÍÎÄÖ°ÈËÔ±ÔËÈ¥´ÙʹÈËÃñ×ñ¼ÍÊØ·¨¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò´¦ÓÚ·ÖÁ